The invention discloses a calcium silicate board and steel frame combining and assembling system and a rapid assembling and welding process thereof, and relates to the technical field of constructions. The system comprises a first cross beam, a plurality of vertical beam pieces are vertically and evenly arranged on the upper surface of the first cross beam, calcium silicate boards are arranged at the positions, between the vertical beam pieces, of the upper surface of the first cross beam, a second cross beam is horizontally arranged between the upper ends of the vertical beam pieces, and the vertical beam pieces are fixedly connected with the first cross beam and the second cross beam through installation pieces. According to the device, an adjusting piece is arranged inside the other end of a shell, after all the steel frames are preliminarily spliced, a traditional screw installation mode is replaced with the installation pieces, under the elasticity of a spring, a user only needs to rotate a rotary knob, all the steel frames can be rapidly fixed, then the assembling work is rapidly completed, the manual labor intensity is reduced, and meanwhile the assembling and welding efficiency is improved.