Methods, systems, and apparatuses for down-converting an electromagnetic (EM) 
signal by 
aliasing the EM 
signal are described herein. Briefly stated, such methods, systems, and apparatuses operate by receiving an EM 
signal and an 
aliasing signal having an 
aliasing rate. The EM signal is aliased according to the aliasing signal to down-convert the EM signal. The term aliasing, as used herein, refers to both down-converting an EM signal by under-sampling the EM signal at an aliasing rate, and down-converting an EM signal by transferring energy from the EM signal at the aliasing rate. In an embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to an 
intermediate frequency (IF) signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to a demodulated 
baseband information signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is a frequency modulated (FM) signal, which is down-converted to a non-FM signal, such as a phase modulated (PM) signal or an amplitude modulated (AM) signal.