The invention discloses an ultra-high resolution optical microscope imaging method and device. In the technical scheme, a special lighting illumination and microscope imaging method combining narrow-band filtering, annular aperture and dark-filed illumination is adopted, and annular transmitting apertures with different numerical apertures, transmittances and filtering characteristics are designed, so that the ultra-high resolution and high-contrast microscope imaging on a micro-nano-sized substance can be realized. The device comprises a high-resolution optical microscope system consisting of an LED (light-emitting diode) lighting source, a light barrier, an annular transmitting hole, a condensing lens, a sample platform, a light-shading wafer, a microscope objective and a microscope image collecting and processing system, wherein the microscope image collecting and processing system consists of a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) image sensor, an imaging collecting card and a computer. The invention can maintain the real-time, direct and non-scanned imaging observation way of conventional optical microscopes, and also embodies excellent resolution and imaging contrast.