128 results about "Spherical aberration" patented technology

The invention relates to a 1.2-inch intelligent traffic monitoring system lens and a working method thereof. An optical imaging system of the lens is sequentially provided with a first lens to a fourteenth lens from an object space to an image space. Wherein the focal power of each lens adopts a positive and negative combined form, so that optical aberrations such as spherical aberration and the like are greatly reduced. Wherein the fourth lens and the fifth lens form an achromatic doublet lens group, the seventh lens and the eighth lens form an achromatic doublet lens group, the ninth lens and the tenth lens form an achromatic doublet lens group, and the eleventh lens, the twelfth lens and the thirteenth lens form an achromatic triplet lens group. Through reasonable lens matching, an optical system realizes large aperture, large target surface and no defocus in day and night, and through good correction of on-axis and off-axis aberrations, the lens has good imaging quality.

The invention provides an optical system and electronic equipment. The optical system comprises a lens group, the lens group comprises a first lens group, a second lens group and a third lens group, and the first lens group comprises a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens and a fifth lens; the second lens group comprises a sixth lens, a seventh lens, an eighth lens, a ninth lens and a tenth lens; the third lens group comprises an eleventh lens, a twelfth lens, a thirteenth lens and a fourteenth lens; fG1 / f is more than-1.40 and less than-0.60; -4.50 < = F1112 / F1314 < =-1.40; fG2 / FG3 is more than 1.00 and less than 3.05; fG1 is the combined focal length of the first lens group, f is the effective focal length of the optical system, F1112 is the combined focal length of the eleventh lens and the twelfth lens, F1314 is the combined focal length of the thirteenth lens and the fourteenth lens, FG2 is the combined focal length of the second lens group, and FG3 is the combined focal length of the third lens group. The optical system effectively corrects spherical aberration, reduces the sensitivity of the optical system, and facilitates the realization of compactness and miniaturization.

The utility model discloses bionic compound eye type mine displacement monitoring special equipment, which relates to the technical field of mine safety monitoring, and comprises a shell, the shell is composed of a plurality of groups of sensing surfaces and a plurality of groups of supporting nodes, a three-ring optical system is integrated on each sensing surface, and the bottom of the shell is provided with a tenon-and-mortise quick-release interface matched with the sensing surfaces for use. The shell is in the shape of a truncated icosahedron hemisphere, the sensing face is in the shape of a regular hexagon, and the supporting nodes are in the shape of a regular pentagon. According to the utility model, the horizontal field of view is expanded to 270 degrees and the vertical field of view reaches 120 degrees through the eccentric prisms, the 4 * 4 microprism aberration correction array dynamically compensates wide-angle distortion, the microlenses employ gradient refraction design to correct spherical aberration and field curvature, light is focused into 1.2 [mu] m light spots which are matched with the photonic crystal waveguide mode field diameter, and the adjacent microlens fields of view overlap 40%. The FPGA is fused with multi-channel data, so that the signal-to-noise ratio is increased to 40dB +, accurate acquisition and processing of light are ensured, high-precision three-dimensional deformation monitoring is realized, and fine change conditions of mine rock strata can be captured.

The invention discloses a miniaturized large-target-surface low-distortion aerial photographing lens and module. The aerial photographing lens comprises a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens, a sixth lens, a diaphragm, a seventh lens, an eighth lens, a ninth lens, a tenth lens, an eleventh lens, a twelfth lens, a thirteenth lens, a fourteenth lens and a fifteenth lens which are sequentially arranged from the object side to the image side along the optical axis. Through reasonable lens structure design and curvature radius control, excellent low distortion performance is realized, and the geometric accuracy of an image is ensured. The design of fifteen lenses is adopted, sufficient design freedom is provided, various aberrations such as spherical aberration are effectively corrected, high resolution is achieved, and a large-target-surface photosensitive element is matched; through focal power distribution and aberration correction, the imaging effect of an edge field of view is remarkably improved, and the definition consistency of the center and the edge of a picture is ensured.

A first lens group comprises at least two balsaming lenses, and a first lens is used for correcting partial spherical aberration and partial field curvature of the dual-waveband confocal microscope objective; the second lens group comprises at least one balsaming lens and is used for receiving the light beams from the first lens group and correcting partial spherical aberration and partial chromatic aberration of the dual-band confocal microscope objective; the third lens group comprises at least three independent lenses, and is used for converging the light beams from the first lens group and the second lens group and correcting the residual spherical aberration of the dual-band confocal microscope objective; and the lenses in the first lens group, the second lens group and the third lens group are coaxially arranged in sequence along an optical axis. Compared with an existing product, the dual-waveband confocal microscope objective has the advantages of being dual-waveband confocal, high in resolution, long in working distance, large in view field range and the like.

Embodiments of the present application provide an optical system for laser cutting, a laser processing device and a method. The optical system comprises, in sequence along an optical path direction, a laser, a beam processing element, a spherical aberration compensation assembly and an objective lens, wherein the laser is configured to emit a laser beam; the beam processing element is configured to process the laser beam to obtain a predetermined number of sub-beams; the spherical aberration compensation assembly comprises a predetermined number of sub-spherical aberration compensation elements, the predetermined number of sub-spherical aberration compensation elements correspond to the predetermined number of sub-beams one by one, and each sub-spherical aberration compensation element is configured to compensate the spherical aberration of the sub-beam passing through the corresponding sub-spherical aberration compensation element; and the sub-beams compensated by the sub-spherical aberration compensation elements are focused by the objective lens to form a burst point at a predetermined position of the processed object. The technical solution can obtain a better cutting effect with fewer cutting times or cutting layers, thereby effectively improving the efficiency of laser cutting.

The embodiment of the present application provides an optical telescopic device and a multi-pupil eyepiece structure, the multi-pupil eyepiece structure comprises a first lens group with positive focal length, a second lens group with negative focal length and a third lens group with positive focal length arranged in sequence from an eye observation position to an imaging surface; the first lens group comprises a first lens for converging light; the second lens group comprises a second lens for compensating spherical aberration caused by the first lens group; the third lens group comprises a third lens with positive focal length and a fourth lens with negative focal length, the third lens is used for converging light, and the fourth lens is used for balancing residual aberration; the first lens, the second lens, the third lens and the fourth lens can meet imaging under different exit pupil conditions in multiple configurations.

The application discloses a kind of aberration correction method and device under high numerical aperture objective lens two-photon lithography, and it is related to micro-nano manufacturing and laser processing technical field.The method comprises the following steps: establishing the two-photon lithography system parameter model for aberration correction;According to the preset target focal point distribution, the focal point phase to be loaded into spatial light modulator is calculated using GS algorithm;Calculate depth-dependent aberration and generate compensation phase;Superimpose total loading phase and generate SLM hologram;Adjust objective lens to make it align with the sample on translation stage, make immersion oil and sample surface closely contact, complete the immersion alignment of objective lens and sample;Make sample and focal point produce relative displacement, complete two-photon lithography processing under the condition of spherical aberration compensation;After processing after exposure sample, obtain three-dimensional microstructure with different depth voxel.The method can improve the consistency and forming quality of deep three-dimensional micro-nano processing.

The present application relates to the technical field of optical instruments, and discloses a microscope objective, which is suitable for at least a temperature environment of 50K to 150K and comprises: a front group unit, which comprises at least a first lens and a second lens arranged in sequence along an optical path, and is suitable for converging light rays and correcting spherical aberration; a middle group unit, which is arranged on the rear side of the optical path of the front group unit, comprises at least a first middle group and a second middle group, and is arranged in sequence along the optical path, each middle group is provided with at least two lenses arranged at intervals, and is suitable for correcting chromatic aberration; and a rear group unit, which is arranged on the rear side of the optical path of the middle group unit and comprises at least two lenses arranged at intervals; each lens contained in the front group unit, the middle group unit and the rear group unit is a single lens. By arranging each lens as a single lens, the combination connection of each unit and the whole microscope objective is avoided, the problems of damage, falling or air leakage in an extreme environment such as low temperature are avoided, and the application in a low-temperature environment is met.

This invention relates to the field of AR device technology, providing an AR optical lens and an AR device. The lens includes a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, and a fifth lens arranged sequentially along the optical axis from the object side to the image side. The first lens has positive optical power, with a convex surface on the object side and a concave surface on the image side; the second lens has positive optical power, with a convex surface on the object side and a concave surface on the image side; the third lens has negative optical power, with both the object side and the image side being concave; the fourth lens has positive optical power, with a concave surface on the object side and a convex surface on the image side; and the fifth lens has negative optical power, with a concave surface on the object side and a convex surface on the image side. All lenses are aspherical lenses. This invention, through a positive-positive-negative-positive-negative optical power arrangement of lenses, can simultaneously correct various aberrations such as spherical aberration, field curvature, and distortion, effectively achieving a large field of view, low distortion, and high resolution imaging effect, enhancing the immersiveness and clarity of AR displays.

The application discloses a machining head for microjet laser processing, and relates to the technical field of microjet laser processing. The machining head comprises an objective lens, a window sheet, a water cavity and a nozzle, and the objective lens, the window sheet, the water cavity and the nozzle are coaxially arranged in sequence along a first direction. The objective lens comprises a lens barrel and first double cemented lenses, second double cemented lenses and a positive meniscus lens which are coaxially arranged in sequence in the lens barrel. The lens barrel comprises a first port and a second port, and the first direction is the direction from the first port to the second port. The spherical aberration generated by the combination of the first double cemented lenses, the second double cemented lenses, the positive meniscus lens and the window sheet satisfies a first preset range, and the chromatic aberration generated satisfies a second preset range. Thus, the chromatic aberration of blue light and green light can be corrected, and the applicability of the objective lens is improved.

The present invention relates to a method for correcting a spherochromatic aberration that occurs when examining a sample with a microscope. The microscope comprises an objective lens and a corrective device arranged in a beam path of the microscope for correcting a spherical aberration. According to the method, data for describing the spherical aberration as a function of a wavelength of light imaged by the microscope are provided. A sample is examined with the microscope, and at least one spectral range of the light imaged by the microscope is determined.A control parameter of the correction device is determined based on the provided data describing the spherical aberration as a function of wavelength for the at least one determined spectral range, in order to minimize the spherical aberration for the at least one determined spectral range. The correction device is then set to the determined control parameter. The invention further relates to a microscope, which is in particular a light microscope.

The present invention provides an intraocular lens and related technologies, which have regions concentric with a lens center O, including at least one distance region for correcting visual acuity for distance vision and at least one near region for correcting visual acuity for near vision, wherein the power in the distance region is reduced to provide a negative vertical spherical aberration that at least partially offsets the positive vertical spherical aberration caused by the cornea, and the near region has a predetermined base power at the lens center O and adds a positive fixed power to an aspherical reference power within a predetermined radial range of a virtual aspherical lens that completely offsets the positive vertical spherical aberration caused by the cornea, and the near region has at least three sub-regions arranged radially, wherein sub-region 1 provides a positive power deviation for the positive fixed power, sub-region 2 provides an approximately zero power deviation for the positive fixed power, and sub-region 3 provides a negative power deviation for the positive fixed power.

The invention discloses a gain crystal suitable for a laser, a preparation method of the gain crystal, a compensation method of thermally induced spherical aberration in a laser amplification process and the laser, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: measuring wavefront output by laser in an initial state, and obtaining a thermally induced optical path difference of the laser passing through the gain crystal under pumping; obtaining a thermotropic spherical aberration coefficient in the gain crystal through the thermotropic optical path difference; directly designing a compensation surface on the end surface of the gain crystal to obtain a geometric optical path difference of a corresponding spherical aberration generated based on the compensation surface; obtaining a geometric spherical aberration coefficient based on a compensation surface through the geometric optical path difference; the surface parameters of the compensation surface are optimized, so that the geometric spherical aberration coefficient generated by the compensation surface and the thermally induced spherical aberration coefficient in the gain crystal are equal in numerical value but opposite in sign, and then the corrected surface parameters of the compensation surface are obtained; and processing the end face of the gain crystal based on the corrected surface parameters of the compensation surface to obtain the gain crystal.

The invention discloses a large-view-field low-distortion infrared telecentric scanning objective lens which comprises a lens body, the lens body is composed of a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens and a fifth lens which are arranged along an axis, the first lens is a positive lens, the second lens is a negative lens, the third lens is a negative lens, the fourth lens is a meniscus positive lens, and the fifth lens is a negative lens. The fifth lens is a positive lens, and the first lens and the second lens are cemented lenses. According to the invention, through combination of a plurality of lenses and the balsaming lens, high optical index, good temperature adaptability, low distortion, large target surface and large entrance pupil diameter are realized; by reasonably distributing the focal power of each lens and adopting the combination of optical materials with specific refractive index and Abbe number, various aberrations such as spherical aberration, curvature of field, chromatic aberration and the like are effectively corrected, so that high-quality imaging with system RMS wavefront less than 0.02 lambda is realized, the distortion is strictly controlled below 0.02%, and the imaging quality is greatly improved. And a sub-pixel-level accurate positioning capability is realized for high-precision machine vision and measurement detection.

To reduce axial chromatic aberration, to secure high resolution, and to satisfactorily reduce spherical aberration and coma aberration.SOLUTION: An aperture diaphragm STO is arranged between a first lens group G1 and a second lens group G2, and the first lens group G1 is provided with a cemented lens L15 obtained by cementing a first positive lens L16 and a first negative lens J1 and having negative power. The cemented lens J1 is configured to satisfy "ndp> 1.85" (conditional formula 1), "Δ θ gF> 0.02" (conditional formula 2), "ndp> ndn" (conditional formula 3), and "ν dp <ν dn" (conditional formula 4), where ndp is an index of refraction of the first positive lens L15, ndn is an index of refraction of the first negative lens L16, Δ θ gF is anomalous dispersion, ν dp is an Abbe number of the first positive lens L15, and ν dn is an Abbe number of the first negative lens L16.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The application discloses a multi-mode vortex laser with adjustable order, comprising: a cavity lens coated with a laser wavelength anti-reflection film system, a first laser output mirror and a second laser output mirror, both of which are plane mirrors, and both of which are coated with a film system partially transmitting laser wavelength on one side and an anti-reflection film system for laser wavelength on the other side; a high-order Laguerre-Gaussian beam is focused by the cavity lens, and the focused beam waist positions of each-order Laguerre-Gaussian mode vortex light are separated under the action of spherical aberration of the cavity lens, and the higher the mode order and the larger the spot size, the closer the focused beam waist of the mode to the cavity lens; the positions of the first laser output mirror and the second laser output mirror are adjusted so as to be located at the waist positions of a certain mode, and the first laser output mirror and the second laser output mirror located at different positions provide feedback for two different-order Laguerre-Gaussian mode vortex lights, so that multi-mode vortex laser oscillation and output are formed.

This invention discloses a method for rapidly locating thin regions of samples using a spherical aberration transmission electron microscope (HAADF) and adjusting the image. The steps are as follows: 1) In HAADF imaging mode, move the sample stage at low magnification to find unexposed samples and perform high-magnification atomic-resolution imaging on them. If the image signal-to-noise ratio is low and details are blurred due to excessive sample thickness, increase the image brightness or contrast until the sample signal is overexposed. 2) Reduce the magnification and continue searching for unexposed samples. Perform high-magnification atomic-resolution imaging on them. If the image signal-to-noise ratio is still low due to excessive sample thickness, continue to increase the brightness or contrast to overexpose the sample. 3) Repeat step 2) to find new unexposed locations, gradually filtering out thicker samples. Finally, a sample that is found and magnified to obtain an atomic-resolution image with high signal-to-noise ratio and clear details is identified as the target thin region of the sample. This adjustment method is efficient and accurate.

The utility model relates to the technical field of soft focus lenses, in particular to a sixteen-axis free-form surface optical optimization light scattering soft focus lens which comprises a lens body, focuses are arranged on the front face of the lens body, the focuses are of a spiral structure, and the focuses are annularly distributed on the surface of the lens body at equal intervals through sixteen axes. Precise design and manufacturing of the lens in multiple axial directions are allowed through the sixteen-axis free-form surface technology, it is ensured that the optical performance of each point is optimal, aberration such as spherical aberration, coma aberration and distortion can be effectively reduced through the free-form surface design, the definition and sharpness of an image are improved, visual fatigue can be reduced through the soft focus lens, and the image quality is improved. The free-form surface design and the light scattering technology are combined, so that the lens can be excellent in performance under different light conditions, and soft visual effects can be created indoors or outdoors by the aid of the free-form surface design and the light scattering technology.

The invention provides a DLP projection lens applied to automobile external illumination, and relates to the technical field of optical imaging. Comprising a first group, a diaphragm, a second group, an equivalent prism, a chip protection lens and a display chip which are sequentially arranged from an object space side to an image space side along an optical axis, the display chip is used for emitting light, the equivalent prism is used for receiving the emitted light and transmitting the emitted light to the second group, the second group is used for performing spherical aberration correction, chromatic aberration correction and field curvature correction on the emitted light to obtain first optimized light, and the first optimized light penetrates through the diaphragm to reach the first lens group; the first group is used for correcting coma, astigmatism and curvature of field of the first optimized light again to obtain second optimized light for imaging in a target area; according to the invention, the technical problem that the existing projection lens cannot meet the requirements of vehicle gauge grade weather resistance, large target surface, high luminous efficiency, dynamic thermal stability and compact design at the same time is solved.

The present invention relates to a novel refractive intraocular lens (IOL) having a continuous range of view, extended depth of field (EDOF), capable of providing a continuous clear field of view for cataract patients when objects from far to near while minimizing halo and glare phenomena. The novel refractive EDOF continuous visual range artificial lens provided by the invention has the advantage that the extended focal depth can be provided, so that a patient can obtain continuous vision from a far position to a near position (35-40cm). The spherical aberration of each area on the front surface of the artificial lens is optimized, halo and glare are reduced to the maximum extent, the 60-degree refraction section of the fourth area is used for providing balanced energy distribution when the pupil diameter is large, the pupil is irrelevant to magnification distribution, and the lens magnification and the extension focal depth are not affected by the pupil size or light conditions. The partition modification of the intraocular lens can be used as a controllable switch, and the focal depth can be adjusted according to requirements, namely, the focal depth is adjusted from a far vision field to a near vision field or from the far vision field to a middle vision field.

The embodiment of the invention provides a lens for improving laser triangulation ranging precision. In one specific implementation mode, the lens comprises a first negative meniscus lens with the concave surface side facing the object side, a second negative meniscus lens with the concave surface side facing the object side and a biconvex positive lens which are sequentially arranged from the object side to the image side along the optical axis of the lens; and the first negative meniscus lens and the second negative meniscus lens are glued and fixed. According to the embodiment, the first negative meniscus lens and the second negative meniscus lens are glued and fixed. The first negative meniscus lens and the second negative meniscus lens are glued and fixed to obtain the doublet lens, the lens adopts the design of the doublet lens and the single achromatic biconvex lens, the spherical aberration and the edge distortion of imaging can be effectively reduced, the mass center drift of light spots is inhibited, the size of the light spots is reduced, and the imaging definition is improved; therefore, the measurement precision of the laser triangulation ranging method is better improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of optical lens imaging, and particularly relates to a double-channel double-telecentric lens and an optical system for detecting defects on the inner surface and the outer surface of a transparent tube. The dual-channel dual-telecentric lens comprises a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens, a beam splitter prism, a seventh lens, an eighth lens, a ninth lens and a tenth lens which are sequentially arranged from an object space to an image space along an optical axis, wherein the first lens, the third lens, the seventh lens, the eighth lens and the ninth lens adopt meniscus lenses, the refraction of light can be effectively controlled, the effects of aberration correction and imaging quality optimization are achieved, the symmetry of the optical system can be improved, the spherical aberration and the coma aberration can be reduced, and therefore the compactness of the optical system is optimized. The one-to-two dual-channel structure has the characteristics of high resolution, high efficiency, large field of view, low cost, small size and the like, and synchronous clear imaging of the inner surface and the outer surface of the transparent tube is completed in a dark field environment.

The utility model discloses a small-angle infrared detection lens, which relates to the technical field of imaging, and is characterized in that the small-angle infrared detection lens sequentially comprises a first lens, a second lens and a diaphragm from an object plane to an image plane, the diaphragm is positioned between the first lens and the second lens, the first lens has a positive focal length, the second lens has a negative focal length, and the diaphragm is positioned between the first lens and the second lens. The first lens is a convex lens of a spherical structure, and the second lens is a concave lens of an even aspheric structure. According to the utility model, the optical distortion is controlled within-3.5%, the TV distortion is less than 1%, and the imaging quality is excellent. Glass or plastic materials are utilized, the glass lens is of a high refractive index and aspherical design, aberration such as spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism is effectively corrected, the resolution reaches 300 thousand pixels or above, and the requirement for high resolution is met. And the diaphragm adjustment is flexible. The structure is stable and easy to assemble.

The utility model relates to a reflector path adjusting device for an electrochemical luminescence spectrum analyzer to execute surface light source radiation analysis, and belongs to the technical field of spectrometers. The device comprises a collecting seat, a plano-convex lens A, a plano-convex lens B and a lens sleeve, one end of the lens sleeve is connected with the collecting seat, a groove is formed in the lens sleeve, internal threads are engraved on the side wall of the groove, the plano-convex lens A is fixed to the bottom of the groove through a clamping ring A, and the upper side and the lower side of the plano-convex lens B are arranged in the middles of the internal threads through a clamping ring B and a clamping ring C. By means of the multi-element design, chromatic aberration and spherical aberration are reduced, focusing of monochromatic light is improved, smaller light spots are formed, the monochromatic performance is improved, light is focused into the slit, the light passing quantity is guaranteed, and the product performance is improved.

To provide an extended depth of focus (EDOF) that provides a cataract patient with continuous vision from distance to near with minimal halo and glare, and an intraocular lens (IOL) that achieves continuous vision.SOLUTION: To obtain continuous vision from a long distance to a short distance near 40-35cm by providing the extension of a focal depth. The spherical aberration of each zone of the anterior surface of the intraocular lens is optimized to minimize halo and glare. The fourth zone 60 degree segment design of the present invention provides a balanced energy distribution at large pupil diameters and makes the lens pupil independent of power distribution. The lens power and its extended depth of focus are independent of pupil size and lighting conditions. Furthermore, the change of zone of the intraocular lens can be used as a controllable switch to change the depth of focus according to the demand from far vision to near vision or from far vision to intermediate vision.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

A four-group zoom optical system, by dividing the traditional focusing lens group into two, with the fourth lens group 4 being fixedly set as part of the main optical path, effectively corrects system spherical aberration, reduces lens tolerance sensitivity, and improves pattern image quality. At the same time, it reduces the number of lenses in the focusing lens group 3, which helps to solve the problem that the focusing lens group 3 is too sensitive to the precision of sheet metal structure.

A transmissive ophthalmic lens has a first surface opposite a second surface. The first surface includes a centrally disposed diffractive multifocal zone surrounded by a peripherally disposed refractive zone. The second surface is a refractive surface that can be non-multifocal or multifocal surface where each may include toric. The diffractive multifocal zone is no more than 2.5 millimeters in diameter producing a far focus and an Add focus and no less than 1.5 mm. A first groove and a second groove of the diffractive multifocal zone may be the only two grooves. A smoothened transition may be disposed between the two consecutive grooves and may include a refractive segment connected to each groove by a step. The diffractive multifocal surface has a base surface that may be monofocal or multifocal surface where each may include toric. The grooves may be configured for minimum spherical aberration at the Add focus.

The invention discloses a STEM-EDS quantitative analysis method for micro-trace elements on a high-temperature alloy interface, and belongs to the technical field of material micro-analysis. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a transmission electron microscope sample of which the thickness of a thin region is less than 100nm; adopting a field emission or spherical aberration correction transmission electron microscope to carry out STEM imaging under 200-300kV; the method comprises the following steps: firstly, counting different feature morphology interfaces and a quantity ratio thereof under 2000 *-3000 *, then respectively selecting a representative interface from each type of interfaces under 200k *-300k * to carry out EDS surface scanning for 20-30 minutes, and starting drift correction during the period; dividing the interface into a weak segregation interface and a strong segregation interface according to an EDS result; dividing data into quadrats, and counting to obtain an average value of element mass percentage contents of the two types of interfaces, 95% confidence level of the average value and a quantity ratio of the average value; and calculating the final content of the target element. According to the method, the problem that the nanoscale spatial resolution and quantitative statistical representativeness cannot be considered in the prior art is solved, and the accuracy and repeatability of an analysis result are remarkably improved.