The invention discloses a waste gas purification real-time monitoring system which comprises a sensor, a signal conditioning circuit, a microcontroller, a waste gas processing module, an alarm module, a wireless communication module, a monitoring center PC and a mobile terminal; the sensor is connected with the signal conditioning circuit; the signal conditioning circuit, the waste gas processing module, the alarm module and the wireless communication module are all connected with the microcontroller; the microcontroller is in wireless connection with the monitoring center PC through the wireless communication module; the monitoring center PC is in wireless connection with the mobile terminal through a GSM module. The invention further discloses a waste gas purification real-time monitoring method. Compared with the prior art, the system and the method, provided by the invention, have the advantages that emission and purification of industrial waste gas can be monitored and reported in real time, and purification of waste gas can be controlled automatically at the same time; besides, in case of abnormal situations, related persons in charge can be reminded promptly for handling through alarming or short messages, so that the effect of being more convenient, rapid and humanized can be achieved; the invention can be widely applied to the field of environmental monitoring.