394 results about "Defective pixel" patented technology

The present invention relates to the field of image processing. Provided are a screen defect detection method and apparatus, and a device and a storage medium. On the basis of the embodiments of the present invention, the method comprises: acquiring a grayscale image of a screen to be subjected to detection; on the basis of each pixel and surrounding pixels thereof in the grayscale image, determining a gradient image corresponding to the grayscale image; in a gradient direction of the gradient image, moving a window of a set length at a preset step length, wherein the window comprises an odd number of gradient values, and if an intermediate gradient value in the window is the minimum gradient value in the window, setting as a background pixel the pixel corresponding to the minimum gradient value, so as to obtain a target image; and performing segmentation on the target image, and determining, as a defect area on said screen, a target foreground area obtained by means of segmentation. In the gradient direction of the gradient image, a normal pixel is determined on the basis of the gradient of each pixel, and the normal pixel is set as a background pixel, such that a defective pixel in said screen is highlighted.

The invention relates to the technical field of defect detection, in particular to an efficient identification and detection method for printing defects on the surface of a metal plate. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a difference characterization value and a suspected judgment index value of a pixel point to be detected, and acquiring a suspected defect pixel point according to the suspected judgment index value; clustering all the suspected defect pixel points according to the suspected judgment index values and the coordinate values of the suspected defect pixel points to obtain each cluster; according to the difference characterization value of the suspected defect pixel point, the gradient direction of the suspected defect pixel point in the cluster to which the suspected defect pixel point belongs and the gray value standard deviation and mean value of all the suspected defect pixel points in the cluster to which the suspected defect pixel point belongs, obtaining an abnormal degree characterization value of the suspected defect pixel point; and performing printing defect identification on the surface of the to-be-detected printed metal plate according to the abnormal degree characterization value. And the identification accuracy of the printing defect area on the surface of the printing metal plate can be improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of image data processing, in particular to a carton printing defect detection method and system based on visual identification, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a carton image through an image collection device, calculating the gray feature quantity of a pixel point based on the gray value of each pixel point in the image and the gray difference in the neighborhood of the pixel point, and calculating the gray feature quantity of the pixel point; the gray scale is used for reflecting gray scale change conditions of local areas; the change degree of the pixel points is calculated based on the gray feature quantity, the change degree represents the clutter degree of the pixel points, and a change degree co-occurrence matrix is constructed to describe the joint distribution characteristic between different change degrees. Calculating the defect degree of each pixel point according to the change degree co-occurrence matrix; the defect degree of each pixel point is calculated, and the pixel points with the defect degrees larger than a set threshold value are responded to be defective pixel points. The problem that the accuracy of carton printing defect detection is not high is solved.

The invention discloses a display screen dead pixel fault prediction detection method and system. The method comprises the following steps: collecting a visible light image, a short wave infrared image, an ultraviolet fluorescence image, a driving current time sequence signal and surface temperature distribution data of a display screen; performing dynamic noise injection and cross-modal alignment on the data to generate a preprocessed multi-modal data set; inputting the preprocessed multi-modal data set into a space-time fusion network, extracting space-time correlation characteristics in a dead pixel diffusion process through the space-time fusion network, and generating a pixel-level dead pixel mask of a current frame and a diffusion probability thermodynamic diagram of a future time period based on the space-time correlation characteristics; and according to the dead pixel mask and the diffusion probability thermodynamic diagram, dynamically adjusting detection parameters to adapt to target equipment, and outputting a probabilistic diagnosis result of dead pixel causes in combination with physical relevance of multi-modal data.

The invention relates to the technical field of screen quality detection, and discloses a dead pixel detection method, system and device for a liquid crystal display screen and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the pixel distribution information of a to-be-detected display screen, and marking the corresponding pixel coordinates of each pixel point based on the pixel distribution information; after the detection signal is received, pixel points of the display screen to be detected are divided into a plurality of pixel blocks based on the pixel coordinates, and each pixel block is marked with a block identifier; based on the pixel coordinates and the block identifiers, determining block coordinates of each pixel point, dividing each pixel point into a plurality of pixel groups based on the block coordinates, and marking group identifiers for each pixel group; setting a detection sequence based on the group identifier of each pixel group, and controlling each pixel group to display a preset detection image group one by one based on the detection sequence; obtaining display effect images of the display screen to be detected one by one and inputting the display effect images to a preset image dead pixel recognition model to generate dead pixel detection result information; the method has the effect of improving the dead pixel detection efficiency of the liquid crystal display screen.

The embodiment of the invention provides a defect detection method, electronic equipment, a storage medium and a program product, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the actual morphology data of one or more local regions of a target wafer and a global layout of the target wafer, and carrying out the global layout of the target wafer for each local region based on the mapping relation between the wafer morphology and technological parameters, determining a prediction process parameter corresponding to the actual morphology data of the local region, and predicting the wafer morphology of the global layout under the prediction process parameter of the local region for each local region based on a mapping relationship between the wafer morphology and the process parameter to obtain wafer morphology prediction data, and determining the defective pixel areas of the target wafer based on the predicted wafer morphology prediction data corresponding to each local area, determining a to-be-detected area from all the defective pixel areas, and scanning the to-be-detected area of the target wafer by using defect scanning equipment to obtain a defect detection result, so as to effectively improve the efficiency and precision of defect detection.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a brightness compensation method and device for a display panel and a display device, and the method comprises the steps: determining a to-be-compensated pixel corresponding to a defective pixel according to the type of the defective pixel of the display panel, and enabling the to-be-compensated pixel to be corresponding to the defective pixel according to the type of the defective pixel during the subsequent compensation of the display panel, and performing brightness compensation on the to-be-compensated pixel corresponding to the defective pixel so as to realize brightness compensation on the defective pixel. The types or compensation modes of the to-be-compensated pixels corresponding to the at least two different types of defective pixels can be different, so that targeted brightness compensation is performed on the defective pixels in the display panel, the display effect of the display panel is improved, and the user experience is improved.

The invention provides a process window optimization method and device, a medium, a program product and a terminal, and solves the problems of low light intensity contrast ratio, limited process window and high finished product defect rate of weak point and dead pixel areas through an objective function optimization and numerical programming solution method. And establishing a reasonable optimization model by taking the sum of squares of light intensity logarithmic slopes of weak and dead pixel areas as an optimization target and combining an edge section moving range, an edge position error and mutual influence factors. And meanwhile, a plurality of matrix methods such as a sparse matrix and a dense matrix are introduced, so that the optimization efficiency and precision are improved, the accurate optimization of the mask pattern is realized, the process window is expanded, the defect rate is reduced, the process stability and adaptability are enhanced, and the production efficiency and the product quality are remarkably improved.

The invention provides an intelligent POB module integration platform and a control method thereof, and the method comprises the steps: detecting the state data of each pixel point of an LED display screen through an optical sensing array, obtaining a damaged pixel point in the LED display screen, recording the damaged pixel point to a storage unit, and maintaining a dead pixel position table in the storage unit; compensating the brightness of the bad pixel points through the neighborhood pixel points; the display content of the LED display screen is predicted through AI during compensation, and the refresh rate of the LED display screen is dynamically driven according to the predicted display content; according to the physical pixel density, the LED display screen is divided into grid partitions, the grid partitions are sorted according to priorities, the real-time power consumption of each partition is calculated after the LED display screen is refreshed, and if the real-time power consumption is larger than a preset threshold value, the current and the duty ratio of the low-priority area are reduced. Through the control method, a compensation scheme can be started in time after a dead pixel occurs, the maintenance and replacement cost is reduced, and the operation and maintenance efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of image processing, solves the technical problems of low detection precision, poor correction effect and poor applicability in dead pixel detection and correction of an image sensor in the prior art, and particularly relates to a dead pixel detection and correction method and system for an image sensor. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring L original images of all pixels of an image sensor under different radiation quantities, calculating the optimal fitting slope and intercept of each pixel point in the L original images, forming a parameter matrix which has the same size as the original images and contains statistical information, judging dead pixels in the pixels based on the statistical information of the parameter matrix, and judging whether the dead pixels are defective pixels or not. And generating a dead pixel table corresponding to the original image. According to the invention, the image quality can be effectively improved, the image distortion is reduced, and the image processing result is improved. Especially under the condition that the image content is complex, dead pixels can be detected and corrected more accurately, and the detection precision and the correction effect are improved.

The invention discloses a method for repairing a high-temperature superconducting tape. The method comprises the following steps: S1, placing a to-be-repaired area of the high-temperature superconducting tape in a reaction container; s2, the reaction container is kept at a certain oxygen partial pressure, and annealing treatment is conducted on the to-be-repaired area; s3, after annealing treatment is completed, the high-temperature superconducting tape is taken out after the reaction container is cooled; wherein the to-be-repaired area is a dead pixel area in the high-temperature superconducting tape and an area with a certain length on two sides of the dead pixel area in the length direction of the tape. According to the repairing method, cutting treatment is not needed, that is, the original strip does not need to be damaged basically, and the dead pixel area can be repaired only by conducting proper heat treatment on the dead pixel area.

The invention provides a Mini led display screen dead pixel detection and positioning method, device and system based on deep learning, and the method comprises the steps: applying a preset driving signal sequence to a pixel array of a Mini led display screen line by line, obtaining the brightness feedback data of each pixel in different driving stages, obtaining a brightness response sequence, and carrying out the detection and positioning of the dead pixel of the Mini led display screen. Carrying out spatial recombination processing on the brightness response sequence according to a physical arrangement structure of the pixel array to generate a brightness response matrix, carrying out local region feature difference analysis on the brightness response matrix, identifying a brightness response abnormal region, generating a candidate dead pixel position set, and obtaining a candidate dead pixel position set; and calling a pre-trained dead pixel recognition network to carry out feature learning processing on the candidate dead pixel position set, outputting a dead pixel probability corresponding to each candidate dead pixel position, screening the candidate dead pixel position set based on the candidate dead pixel probability, removing candidate positions with the dead pixel probability lower than a preset condition, and generating a dead pixel positioning result set. According to the invention, the accuracy and reliability of detecting and positioning the defective pixels of the Mini LED display screen can be effectively improved.

The invention discloses a display device and a defect pixel compensation method of the display device, the display device comprises a display panel and a processor, the processor determines the defect type of a defect sub-pixel and an initial gray scale value corresponding to the defect sub-pixel; determining at least one target gray-scale value according to the defect type of the defective sub-pixel, the initial gray-scale value and a plurality of to-be-displayed gray-scale values corresponding to the defective pixel to which the defective sub-pixel belongs; based on the at least one target gray-scale value, updating the to-be-displayed gray-scale values corresponding to other sub-pixels in the defective pixels; and the display panel displays the to-be-displayed image after the plurality of to-be-displayed gray-scale values corresponding to the defect pixels are updated. According to the target gray-scale value, the to-be-displayed gray-scale values of other sub-pixels except the defective sub-pixels in the defective pixels are updated, so that the display color cast problem caused by the defective sub-pixels is compensated, the perceptibility of the defective sub-pixels in human eyes is reduced, and the display effect of the display device is improved.

The invention discloses a method and system for detecting surface defects of a sheet metal part before coating, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, multi-modal data collection: synchronously collecting three-dimensional point cloud data and a hyperspectral image of the surface of the sheet metal part through a laser three-dimensional contourgraph and a hyperspectral camera, and recording environment illumination and temperature parameters at the same time; s2, data preprocessing: performing denoising and smoothing processing on the three-dimensional point cloud, extracting surface contour features, and performing defective pixel repair, waveband selection and reflectivity correction on the hyperspectral image; according to the surface defect detection method and system before coating of the sheet metal part, through multi-modal data acquisition and fusion of the three-dimensional morphology and the hyperspectral features, compared with traditional single visual detection, the surface defects of the sheet metal part can be more comprehensively and accurately recognized, particularly, tiny defects and oxide layer defects which are difficult to distinguish by naked eyes, the recognition rate is remarkably increased, and the detection accuracy is improved. And by adopting the lightweight deep learning model, the detection precision is ensured, and the reasoning speed is improved at the same time.

The invention discloses an infrared small target detection method based on image block gradient and improved annular contrast. Comprising the following steps: S1, acquiring an original image; s2, calculating the annular local contrast based on the annular structure window and the image pixel coordinate value; s3, calculating a weighting factor of the image based on the multi-directional image block gradient information and an image enhancement scheme; s4, calculating a weighted improved annular local contrast graph according to the obtained weighting factor and the annular local contrast; s5, calculating an adaptive segmentation threshold according to the annular local contrast graph, and obtaining a final detection graph; and S6, completing infrared small target detection according to the final detection image. According to the method, the isolation layer is added in the original annular structure window, the local contrast calculation method is improved, and then the weighting factor of the local contrast graph is designed based on the multi-directional image block gradient, so that the influence of image dead pixels and edge noise on the detection result is eliminated, and the detection accuracy is improved.

The invention discloses a self-detection circuit and a storage device, the storage device comprises a storage circuit, a control circuit and a self-detection circuit, the self-detection circuit is coupled between the control circuit and the storage circuit, and the self-detection circuit comprises a built-in self-test module and a built-in self-test interface; wherein the built-in self-test module is connected to the control circuit through a built-in self-test interface and a first customized bus, and the built-in self-test module is configured to receive a test instruction from the control circuit through the first customized bus and the built-in self-test interface, and execute a self-test operation based on the test instruction to detect a damaged storage unit in the storage circuit, and corresponding dead pixel information is generated and stored in the storage circuit. Through the above mode, the self-detection circuit provided by the invention can perform dead pixel automatic test on the damaged storage unit in the storage circuit, reduces external operation, can obtain dead pixel information in the storage circuit in real time, and is high in automation degree, generalization degree and parallelization degree.

The invention discloses a dead pixel detection method and system combining spatial domain analysis and time domain analysis, and belongs to the technical field of image processing. The method comprises the following steps: an airspace analysis stage: extracting edge information through a Sobel operator; carrying out image binaryzation, filling potential holes by using morphological closed operation, and strengthening dead pixel areas; identifying all candidate dead pixel regions by adopting a connected domain labeling algorithm; in the time domain analysis stage, the spatial position and area characteristics of candidate dead pixel areas are combined, the candidate dead pixel area corresponding relation between cross frames is established, the continuity of the same candidate dead pixel area on a time axis is judged, and only two assumptions are met, the time domain analysis is completed. And finally judging the candidate dead pixel regions with the areas and the contrast ratios of the dead pixel regions exceeding the set threshold values as stable dead pixels and outputting the stable dead pixels. By analyzing the stability of the dead pixels in the time sequence, abnormal dead pixels continuously existing in multiple frames can be effectively recognized, and particularly, the method is more stable and accurate when detecting small-area and low-contrast dead pixels.

The present application belongs to the technical field of batteries. Provided are an image defective pixel correction method and apparatus and a battery test method and apparatus. The image defective pixel correction method comprises: acquiring a plurality of sequence original image frames, wherein the plurality of sequence original image frames are a plurality of image frames consecutively acquired within a preset period of time; performing noise reduction processing on the plurality of sequence original image frames to obtain a single original image frame; performing defective pixel identification on the single original image frame to determine a defective pixel; and correcting a grayscale value of the defective pixel on the basis of grayscale values of several pixel points adjacent to the defective pixel, so as to obtain a test image.

The invention discloses a memory repairing method and device, an access method and device, electronic equipment and a medium. The memory comprises a plurality of object storage units, the plurality of object storage units are arranged into a plurality of cache lines, the plurality of cache lines are divided into a plurality of paths, the cache lines with the same index in the plurality of paths are taken as a group, and the repairing method comprises the following steps: carrying out built-in self-testing on the plurality of object storage units; in response to the fact that the built-in self-test detects dead pixels in the multiple object storage units, address information of the dead pixels is determined, and the address information comprises group information (index) indicating a group where the dead pixels are located and path information (way) of a path where the dead pixels are located; and performing first repair on the defective pixel based on the group information and the path information. According to the method, under the condition that hardware resources are not increased, repairing of the memory dead pixels is achieved in a finer-grained mode, and the repairing capacity is improved. And moreover, the implementation mode is simple, and the index of the storage unit in the memory cannot be greatly impacted.

The invention discloses a liquid crystal display dead pixel detection method and system, and relates to liquid crystal display detection, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a dead pixel position region of a liquid crystal display according to a preset test scheme; constructing a physical topology model of the liquid crystal screen according to the physical parameters of the liquid crystal screen; segmenting the dead pixel position area by adopting an improved watershed algorithm to obtain a segmentation result; performing feature analysis on the segmentation result by adopting a pre-constructed defective pixel feature knowledge base, determining a defective pixel name and a defective pixel inducement, and obtaining a detection result; a physical topology model is utilized, and a flow rule based on a physical connection path is adopted, so that the watershed algorithm only diffuses along the physical connection path, and a segmentation result is obtained; aiming at the problem of low dead pixel detection precision caused by the over-segmentation phenomenon easily generated by a watershed algorithm in the prior art, physical constraints are established by using a regular structure of an LCD pixel array to improve the watershed algorithm, so that the dead pixel detection precision is improved.

The embodiment of the invention provides a display screen direct-drive display method based on a data algorithm, and belongs to the field of display screen display methods. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring RGB frame data and environment sensing data; preprocessing the acquired RGB frame data, generating an importance degree matrix, and grading the image area of the display screen; dynamically distributing the number of sub-cycles of pulse width modulation, matching different pulse widths for image areas of the graded display screen, and generating a compensated gray matrix by using a nonlinear compensation method; generating a dead pixel position matrix according to the scanned pixel state of the display screen, and generating a compensated brightness matrix of the display screen by using a brightness diffusion compensation method; a plurality of logic boards are dynamically synchronized by utilizing an FPGA, and a dead pixel avoidance mechanism is adopted to realize direct-drive display of a display screen. According to the invention, pocking marks are eliminated, low gray scale maintains high refresh rate, chromatic aberration is reduced, dead pixels of the display screen do not need to be halted for maintenance, cost is reduced, brightness is compensated for natural transition, and visual uniformity is compensated for.

The invention relates to the field of image processing, in particular to a thermosensitive coating defect detection method and system for thermosensitive paper, and the method comprises the steps: collecting a historical thermosensitive coating original image with defect marks; the defects are clustered, the size of the center point of any cluster serves as the size of an initial window, grid division is conducted on a thermosensitive coating grey-scale map obtained in real time, and a gray-scale co-occurrence matrix of each grid is obtained; taking any grid as a central grid, calculating the sum of differences between the central grid and the gray-level co-occurrence matrixes of all other grids in a preset neighborhood, and normalizing the sum of differences to obtain a texture difference matrix of the central grid; and calculating the probability that the grid has texture defects, calculating the integrated defect probability of pixel points in the grey-scale map, and if the integrated defect probability of the pixel points is greater than a preset threshold value, judging that the pixel points are defective pixel points. According to the invention, potential defects can be effectively detected from the thermosensitive coating image, so that the accuracy of defect detection is improved.

In the embodiment, the location of the defective pixel can be determined by measuring the operating current of each LED of the pixel, and the sub-LED can be driven in response to the location information of the defective pixel, thereby implementing normal LED operation even in a pixel defect situation.

The invention relates to the technical field of dead pixel detection and compensation of a digital light processing projection system, in particular to a DLP dead pixel calibration and compensation method and system based on a Transform attention mechanism. According to the DLP dead pixel calibration and compensation method based on the Transform attention mechanism, a multi-scale feature pyramid is constructed, global features are extracted by using a layered multi-mode Transform encoder, and a dead pixel confidence coefficient heat map is generated in combination with a dynamic sparse mask multi-head attention mechanism; dynamically selecting compensation strategies for different types of dead pixels by adopting a dead pixel type-scene demand dual-drive time-space domain compensation pipeline; ambient light and partition temperature sensor data are integrated, and the influence of optical crosstalk and thermal drift is eliminated through a brightness adaptive calibration function; and finally, carrying out closed-loop verification and iterative optimization by adopting a loss function fused with HVS perception loss. According to the method, the defective pixel detection precision is improved from 82.3% to 99.2%, the PSNR after compensation is improved from 32.6 dB to 42.5 dB, the processing delay is reduced to 7ms / frame, and the visual quality and reliability of a DLP system are improved.

The invention provides a multi-camera curved screen Demura compensation data dynamic splicing method and system, and relates to the technical field of display, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the flat field correction, dark current correction and dead pixel correction of a plurality of cameras, and obtaining the cameras after uniformity correction; generating a positioning map, collecting the positioning map through a plurality of corrected cameras, and calculating a sub-pixel coordinate mapping relation corresponding to each camera; dynamically estimating the curvature change of the curved screen, constructing a curved surface calibration model and generating a curved surface correction coefficient; performing brightness range correction on the curved surface correction coefficient to obtain a corrected dynamic curved surface correction coefficient; and brightness correction is carried out on gray scale images acquired by the plurality of cameras, and seamless data splicing is realized through brightness calibration among the cameras. The method effectively solves the problem of data acquisition and splicing of the large-size curved screen, is suitable for various display devices, reduces the hardware cost and the process complexity, and has high precision, flexibility and wide application prospects.

The invention relates to the technical field of infrared detection, and discloses an infrared detector dead pixel detection method, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a current scene image during the working period of an infrared detector and a plurality of frames of isothermal uniform surface background images acquired by the infrared detector at different working temperatures to form a background image sequence; performing singular point detection on each frame of image in the current scene image and the background image sequence by adopting an improved wavelet transform algorithm, screening out effective singular points, and calculating a singularity value of each effective singular point; based on the singular point detection result, the singularity value difference and historical background image data, static dead pixels, dynamic dead pixels and noisy points are distinguished through a multi-layer judgment rule, and a dead pixel detection result is obtained; and periodically evaluating the accuracy of the defective pixel detection result, and dynamically calibrating the detection parameters according to the evaluation result. Through collaborative analysis of the current working image and the multi-temperature background image sequence, dead pixels can be accurately detected in real time in the normal working process of the detector.

The invention provides a panel defect detection method and system based on multi-model fusion, and relates to the technical field of panel defect detection, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the first-stage defect detection of a panel sample image through employing a mode of combining edge detection and isolated forest determination, so as to obtain the defect of a screen display abnormality type; performing secondary defect detection on the panel sample image by adopting an image classification model to obtain defects of a screen scratch category; performing three-stage defect detection on the panel sample image by adopting the target detection model to obtain defects of screen dead pixels and bad line categories; and performing result fusion on different types of defects to obtain a panel defect detection result. According to the invention, a mode of combining an image processing technology, a machine learning technology and a neural network technology is adopted, and the problems that the defect of panel badness cannot be fully detected and missing detection is easy to occur due to the fact that an existing single algorithm or model based on a machine vision technology is difficult to cover multiple types of bad mobile phone panels are solved.

The present application discloses an image reconstruction method, an apparatus, a device, a medium, and a product. According to the image reconstruction method in the embodiments of the present application, all Swin Transformer modules of an encoding module are connected by means of a patch merging layer; all Swin Transformer modules of a decoding module are connected by means of a patch expanding layer; the encoding module and the decoding module are symmetrical in structure; and finally, an upsampled feature map is input into a reconstruction module so as to obtain an RGB image by means of conversion. By constructing a network on the basis of a U-Net structure, the present solution is able to restore a corresponding high-resolution RGB image from a feature map, and interpolate missing values and defective pixels in a RAW image captured by an event camera while performing demosaicing, thereby obtaining a high-quality RGB image. Moreover, the use of Swin Transformer architecture as a feature extractor allows for the effective capturing of long-range dependencies, and ensures that consistency of local and global information is maintained.

The invention relates to the field of color sorter control, in particular to a control algorithm and system for adjusting air blowing of a spray valve based on shapes and dead pixel positions, and discloses the control algorithm for adjusting air blowing of the spray valve based on shapes and dead pixel positions, which comprises the following steps of: performing image analysis on a falling object through an image analysis module; obtaining image information of the object; the image information is recognized through an image recognition module, shape features and dead pixel positions of the object are obtained, and according to the shape features and the dead pixel positions, the to-be-removed position of the object and the offset distance of the mass center point relative to the center point of the external rectangle are obtained; and the blowing position of the spray valve is determined according to the to-be-removed position and the offset distance, blowing parameters are adjusted according to the blowing position of the spray valve, and removing operation is executed. Through cooperation of the image analysis module and the image recognition module, the blowing parameters of the spray valve can be dynamically adjusted, and it is guaranteed that the to-be-removed object can be accurately removed.

A display device includes: a display panel including a plurality of pixels; a sensing circuit to generate sensing values of the plurality of pixels by sensing characteristics of the plurality of pixels; and a panel defect normalizer to compensate for the sensing values, the panel defect normalizer including: a preliminary defective pixel detector to detect a preliminary defective pixel; a defective pixel detector to detect a defective pixel; a defective line detector to detect a defective line; a defective line compensator to compensate for a sensing value of the defective line; and a defective pixel compensator to compensate for a sensing value of the defective pixel.