The invention discloses a device and a method for high-voltage power line insulator imaging and contaminant detection. The device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle hanging cabin, a camera and a digital signal processor, wherein the unmanned aerial vehicle hanging cabin is arranged on a high-voltage power line, the camera is arramged on the unmanned aerial vehicle hanging cabin and is used for collecting videos and images of an insulator, the digital signal processor is arranged on the unmanned aerial vehicle hanging cabin, and comprises a video catching module, a video processing module, a video coding and decoding module and a video transmission module, the video catching module obtains a real-time image sequence of the insulator, the video processing module carries out target detection, tracking and pollution degree analysis, the video coding and decoding module carries out compression processing on the image, the network bandwidth is reduced, and the video transmission module realizes the network transmission on the final coding image sequence and pollution analysis result. The device and the method have the advantages that the high-definition camera and the video real-time monitoring system are used for realizing the automatic detection on the insulation pollution degree, the work efficiency of the circuit routing inspection can be effectively improved, and the circuit routing inspection automation is realized.