Disclosed herein are novel modulators of GIPR, GLP-1R, and / or GCGR. In particular, provided herein are antibodies,
oxyntomodulin analogue peptides, and
antibody-
peptide conjugates (APC) that specifically bind to GIPR, the
antibody-
peptide conjugates comprising an anti-GIPR
antibody and an
agonist of GLP-1R and / or GCGR (e.g.,
oxyntomodulin analogue). Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising these modulators disclosed herein, and the use of the pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of metabolic conditions and disorders, such as diabetes (e.g., type 2 diabetes), NASH,
overweight, and
obesity.