31 results about "Pineapple Plant" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, in particular to a pineapple planting soil improvement method and a special modifier thereof. According to the pineapple planting soil improvement method, the special improver for the pineapple planting soil is applied to the soil before planting, the application amount is 15-25 kg / mu, and shallow turning is conducted after application; the special modifier for the pineapple planting soil is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35 to 65 percent of activated carbon or loaded activated carbon, 30 to 60 percent of cake fertilizer containing nematode inhibiting substances, 0.5 to 5 percent of loaded pomegranate peel ethanol extract and the balance of adhesive. The cake fertilizer (such as cottonseed meal and tea seed meal) containing the nematode inhibiting substance is an agricultural by-product, the raw materials are easy to obtain, and the cost is low; the activated carbon can be prepared from agricultural and forestry wastes (such as coconut shell charcoal), and accords with circular economy. Meanwhile, the environment-friendly and environment-friendly pesticide is eco-friendly, biodegradable, free of chemical residues and capable of killing insects and inhibiting bacteria at the same time.

The invention discloses a multi-arm row-controlled pineapple harvesting robot and a picking method thereof. The multi-arm row-controlled pineapple harvesting robot comprises a chassis, a pineapple fruit collecting frame arranged on the chassis and a plurality of picking manipulators, wherein the plurality of picking manipulators are arranged at the front end of the chassis; during picking, each picking manipulator is arranged in one-to-one correspondence with each row of pineapple plants; the picking manipulator comprises a picking mechanical arm, a picking end effector arranged at the tail end of the picking mechanical arm and a binocular vision depth camera. The harvesting robot can automatically achieve pineapple fruit picking, the automation degree is high, and the pineapple fruit picking efficiency can be greatly improved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of agricultural leaf cutters, in particular to a field pineapple plant electric leaf cutter which comprises an electric drill body, a lithium battery, a connecting rod, a handle mechanism, a cutter mechanism and a blade assembly. When the pineapple electric drill is used, a handle of the electric drill is held by one hand, a grab handle of the handle mechanism is held by the other hand, then the electric drill is placed over a pineapple rhizome and moves from top to bottom, pineapple leaves are pressed downwards from an inclined state to a lodging state through a leaf pressing circular plate at the lower end of the cutting knife mechanism, and then an electric drill switch is pressed down. The cutting knife mechanism is driven to rotate rapidly through connection of the connecting rod, the blades rotating at a high speed cut off leaves of pineapple plants along roots, pineapple rhizomes are left, the leaves of the pineapple plants are cut off, the pineapple rhizomes are taken conveniently, the working efficiency can be greatly improved, the labor intensity is reduced, operation is flexible and convenient, and good practicability is achieved.

The invention discloses a pineapple picking robot which comprises a moving trolley and further comprises a cutting mechanism, a guide shifting mechanism, a conveying mechanism, a collecting mechanism, a visual module and a controller. When the pineapple picking robot is used, the robot travels into a pineapple field, and the robot is made to move in the pineapple planting column direction; the position information of the pineapples is recognized and calculated through the visual module, the position information is sent to the controller, the controller sends out a picking instruction and controls the moving trolley to move towards the target to-be-picked pineapples, meanwhile, the pineapples of different heights are guided to the cutting mechanism through the guiding and shifting mechanism, and the pineapples are cut through the cutting mechanism. Pineapple stalks are cut through the cutting mechanism, pineapple fruits are separated out, the cut pineapples are toggled to the conveying mechanism on the rear portion through the guiding and toggling mechanism, then the pineapples are conveyed into the collecting mechanism through the conveying mechanism, picking is completed, and next picking and collecting are conducted.

The application provides a method for promoting the absorption of calcium elements by pineapple fruits, which comprises the following steps: three months after the pineapple plant is induced to bloom and four months after the pineapple plant is induced to bloom, gauze is soaked in an amino oxyacetic acid aqueous solution or a pyrazine amide aqueous solution, the soaked gauze is applied to the connection between the pineapple fruit and the fruit stem for 2-5 hours; the gauze is secondly soaked in an indole-3-acetic acid aqueous solution, an indole-3-butyric acid aqueous solution, a phenylacetic acid aqueous solution or an alpha-naphthylacetic acid aqueous solution, and the soaked gauze is again applied to the connection between the pineapple fruit and the fruit stem for 2-5 hours; the gauze is thirdly soaked in a 6-benzylaminopurine aqueous solution, a kinetin aqueous solution, a thidiazuron aqueous solution or a forchlorfenuron aqueous solution, and the soaked gauze is again applied to the connection between the pineapple fruit and the fruit stem for 2-5 hours. The application can inhibit the formation of the pineapple fruit stem delimitation, promote the absorption of calcium by the fruits, reduce the incidence of pineapple water core disease from about 18% to about 0.6%, and significantly improve the income of fruit farmers.

The invention relates to the field of crop protection, more specifically to the use of methyl (2R*,4R*)-4-[[(5S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-5-vinyl-4H-isoxazole-5-carbonyl]amino]tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylate (I) and / or a salt thereof for control of undesired vegetation in an area comprising pineapple plants by an application over the top of the pineapple plants.

This invention provides a pineapple plant growth regulator composition and its regulator, relating to the field of plant growth regulators. The pineapple plant growth regulator composition of this invention comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30-50 parts of calcium diphenylureasulfonate, 15-20 parts of titanium citrate, 8-12 parts of N6-isopentenyladenine, 3-5 parts of 4-iodophenoxyacetic acid, and 10-20 parts of jasmonic acid. This invention uses calcium diphenylureasulfonate, titanium citrate, N6-isopentenyladenine, 4-iodophenoxyacetic acid, and jasmonic acid as core components to prepare a pineapple plant growth regulator composition, which not only significantly increases the single fruit weight of pineapple but also improves fruit quality and effectively reduces the incidence of watercore disease. The plant growth regulator of this invention can enhance the pineapple's defense response against watercore disease, while promoting growth, improving its stress resistance, and increasing fruit quality and yield, resulting in significant benefits in production.

A new and distinct pineapple plant named ‘FR28203’, comprising certain unique traits, standing out Fusarium resistance obtained after crossing and backcrossing Fusarium resistant pineapple lines with an MD-2 pineapple. The invention incorporates stable, inheritable resistances to Fusariosis disease in a pineapple variety capable of addressing all of the high-quality requirements of global export markets.

The invention discloses a magnetic type intelligent pineapple harvesting test platform and a test method, and belongs to the technical field of pineapple harvesting tests. The pineapple harvesting test device solves the problems that an existing pineapple harvesting test device can only realize a separation action test on a fruit-stem joint, and does not carry out a simulation test on a pineapple plant spacing, a pineapple plant row spacing and a pineapple plant inclination angle in a pineapple fruit surface clamping or collision and harvesting process. Comprising a data acquisition system and at least one harvesting test unit, each harvesting test unit comprises a rack and at least one pineapple model installed on the rack, and when the number of the pineapple models is larger than one, the multiple pineapple models are arranged in the length direction of the rack, and the distance between every two adjacent pineapple models is adjustable. The device is used for pineapple harvesting tests.

The invention relates to a self-propelled pineapple harvester capable of cutting pineapple leaves in advance. The self-propelled pineapple harvester comprises a vehicle body, a picking mechanism, a conveying mechanism, a lifting mechanism and a collecting basket, a driving area is further arranged on the vehicle body, and a walking mechanism is further installed on the bottom side of the vehicle body. Wherein the picking mechanism comprises a picking plate; a stalk guide notch is formed in the front side of the picking plate; a stalk cutting assembly is further mounted on the bottom side of the picking plate; a first leaf cutting mechanism is further arranged on the bottom side of the picking plate; the first leaf cutting mechanism is used for cutting leaves of pineapple plants; the stalk cutting assembly is used for cutting stalks of pineapple plants, and picking of pineapple fruits is achieved. According to the self-propelled pineapple harvester capable of cutting the pineapple leaves in advance, the leaves around pineapple fruits can be cut in advance, the pineapple fruits are easier to pick, and the influence caused by the pineapple leaves is reduced; mechanized harvesting of pineapples in different fields can be met, the labor intensity is relieved, and the pineapple harvesting efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of microorganisms and agriculture, and particularly discloses talaromyces sp. P85, a product containing the talaromyces sp. P85 and application of the talaromyces sp. P85. A functional microorganism capable of effectively preventing and controlling pineapple heart rot is separated and screened from healthy pineapple plant rhizosphere soil, and is identified as talaromyces sp. After the talaromyces sp. Is prepared into a fungicide, the disease-resistant and growth-promoting effects of plants can be remarkably improved, so that the talaromyces sp. Can be used for creating a novel biological prevention and control product for efficiently preventing and controlling pineapple heart rot.

The invention discloses a method for inducing pineapple to generate multiple crown buds, and belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation. The method comprises the following steps: after pineapple plants reach a treatment standard, carrying out flower forcing and germination accelerating induction treatment by adopting a 500-1000-fold solution of 40% ethephon water and 0.2% urea, then spraying a mixed solution of 0.01% melissyl alcohol, 0.01% IBA and 0.01% paclobutrazol to promote germination, and then carrying out film covering treatment for 3-5 days by using a plastic film; after the treatment is completed for 20-40 days, entering a budding and reddening period, and gradually showing complete multi-crown buds. After the crown buds are transplanted into the seedling raising cups, foliar fertilizer is sprayed, 0.01% melissyl alcohol 1000-2000 times liquid is additionally applied after transplanting is conducted for 15-20 days, and after crown bud seedlings grow to be 30-35 cm high and the stem thickness is 2.0 cm, the crown bud seedlings can be outplanted. According to the method, the ethephon, the urea, the melissyl alcohol, the IBA and the paclobutrazol are adopted to jointly achieve the effects of forcing flowers and promoting buds, the average number of crown buds of pineapple plants reaches 14-16 and is higher than the conventional breeding level, and the crown buds reach the outplanting standard 60-65 days after being transplanted. Therefore, the method can effectively improve the pineapple breeding efficiency.

A new and distinct pineapple plant named ‘FR3593W’, comprising certain unique traits, standing out Fusarium resistance obtained after crossing and backcrossing Fusarium resistant pineapple lines with an MD-2 pineapple. The invention incorporates stable, inheritable resistances to Fusariosis disease in a pineapple variety capable of addressing all of the high-quality requirements of Latin American and other consumer markets.

An environmentally-friendly and economic process for the manufacture (extraction) of cellulosic fibers from natural raw materials, preferably inedible waste (e.g. leaves) of the pineapple plant is disclosed. The obtained cellulosic fibers are characterized by high purity, high whiteness, and high strength, and can be used in the paper-industry in pure form, or in admixture with cellulosic fibers from other sources for the production of paper, cardboard, or other articles comprising cellulose.

The invention discloses a pineapple picking control method and system based on image recognition and positioning and a picking machine, and relates to the technical field of agricultural equipment.The method comprises the following steps that firstly, images of a pineapple planting area are collected, a pineapple target to be picked is recognized through a machine learning network, and the position of the pineapple target is marked as a target task point; then the pineapple picking machine is controlled to go to a task point, images of to-be-picked pineapple plants are collected, and a sliding distance is set to gradually slide downwards for height monitoring; the width and curvature changes of the detection image in the adjacent height monitoring intervals are analyzed to determine the gliding distance, and then the initial shearing height is set; acquiring hyperspectral reflection data below the height, sliding to a detection interval according to a preset step length, matching with the stem component data, and stopping sliding to determine an accurate shearing interval; finally, the accurate shearing position is determined for picking, and efficient and accurate pineapple picking is achieved.

The utility model discloses a kind of pineapple leaf detachment knife roll structures and pineapple leaf detachment machine, wherein, pineapple leaf detachment knife roll structure includes roll shaft and flail, multiple tool holders are arranged on the outer circumferential surface of roll shaft, and one flail is connected on each tool holder;Flail includes handle and tubular tool bit.Pineapple leaf detachment machine includes preceding pineapple leaf detachment knife roll structure, rack and gearbox, three-point suspension support for being connected with tractor is installed on rack, gearbox and pineapple leaf detachment knife roll structure are respectively installed on rack, the input shaft of gearbox is used to be drivingly connected with power output shaft on tractor, the output shaft of gearbox is drivingly connected with the roll shaft of pineapple leaf detachment knife roll structure.In actual production, pineapple leaf detachment machine is driven by tractor to drive forward, simultaneously drive roll shaft high-speed rotation, flail strikes pineapple leaf of pineapple plant located in front of knife roll structure in rotation process, so that blade is separated from its stem, and scatter on ground surface, facilitate artificial collection;Productivity is high.

This invention relates to the field of pineapple harvesting technology, specifically a self-propelled pineapple harvester and harvesting method. The harvester includes a pineapple collection hopper, with two U-shaped support plates fixedly connected to one end. A movable detection mechanism is movably connected to the inner side of each U-shaped support plate. This detection mechanism is connected to a cutting mechanism. As the pineapple plant enters the U-shaped support plate, it pushes the movable detection mechanism to move. When the pineapple at the top of the plant comes into contact with the mechanism, the cutting mechanism cuts the pineapple. The cut pineapple is then conveyed by a pineapple conveyor belt into the pineapple collection hopper for storage. Simultaneously, the movable detection mechanism returns to its initial position to prevent uneven lengths of the remaining rootstock on the harvested pineapple.

The present application belongs to the technical field of barker, and particularly relates to a pineapple plant stem epidermis cleaning equipment and a use method, which discloses that the epidermis cleaning equipment is composed of processing components, the processing components are composed of a conveying mechanism and an epidermis cutting mechanism, the conveying mechanism and the epidermis cutting mechanism are oppositely arranged, and the epidermis cutting mechanism is used for cleaning the single surface epidermis of the plant stem; the processing components respectively include a first processing component, a second processing component, a third processing component and a fourth processing component which are used for cleaning the epidermis of different surfaces of the plant stem, so as to complete the overall epidermis cleaning of the plant stem; the four processing components (the first processing component, the second processing component, the third processing component and the fourth processing component) are arranged, each component is responsible for cleaning a different surface, so that the overall epidermis cleaning of the pineapple plant stem is realized. The design greatly improves the cleaning efficiency and reduces the time and steps required for single surface cleaning.

The present application relates to the field of agricultural microorganisms, and particularly provides a synthetic microbial consortium with the functions of inhibiting fusarium oxysporum and promoting pineapple growth and application thereof.The synthetic microbial consortium is prepared by combining bacteria Burkholderia sp.NJAU-Yb107 and fungi Aspergillus sp.NJAU-Yf91.Pot experiment results show that the synthetic microbial consortium can significantly promote pineapple plant growth, increase chlorophyll content and plant biomass.The synthetic microbial consortium provided by the present application has the dual functions of inhibiting soil-borne pathogens and promoting pineapple growth, and has a broad application prospect in pineapple healthy cultivation.

The invention relates to the technical field of pineapple harvesting, in particular to a self-propelled pineapple harvester and a harvesting method.The self-propelled pineapple harvester comprises a pineapple collecting hopper, two U-shaped supporting plates are fixedly connected to one end of the pineapple collecting hopper, a movable detection mechanism is movably connected to the inner sides of the U-shaped supporting plates, and the detection mechanism is connected with a cutting mechanism; the pineapple plant enters the U-shaped supporting plate to push the movable detection mechanism to move, and the pineapple at the upper end of the pineapple plant is in contact with the movable detection mechanism; pineapple plants enter the U-shaped supporting plate to push the movable detection mechanism to move, after pineapples at the upper ends of the pineapple plants make contact with the movable detection mechanism, the pineapples are cut off through the cutting-off mechanism, and the cut pineapples are conveyed by the pineapple conveying belt to enter the pineapple collecting hopper to be stored; meanwhile, the movable detection mechanism returns to the initial position, and the situation that the lengths of rhizomes remaining on the picked pineapples are different is prevented.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of pineapple planting, and particularly discloses a pineapple core filling flower forcing tool which comprises a vehicle body and an infusion pump machine distributed above the vehicle body, a connecting cover body is detachably connected to the vehicle body, a supporting hydraulic cylinder is detachably connected to the top face of the connecting cover body, and the output end of the supporting hydraulic cylinder is movably connected with a communicating water pipe. The communicating water pipe is connected with the output end of the infusion pump through a connecting hose, vertical water pipes are detachably connected to the two ends of the communicating water pipe, spraying heads are fixedly connected to the lower ends of the vertical water pipes, extrusion screws are connected to the upper portions of the vertical water pipes, sealing pieces are fixedly connected to the lower ends of the extrusion screws, and inserting rods are fixedly connected to the bottom faces of the sealing pieces; and bristles are fixedly connected to the outer wall of the inserting rod at equal intervals. When a supporting hydraulic cylinder in the device is used, a communicating water pipe can drive the use height of a spraying head to be adjusted, and the effect that the spraying head sprays liquid medicine to pineapple plants with different heights can be achieved.

The utility model provides a pineapple planting leaf pruning device, and relates to the technical field of pineapple planting, the pineapple planting leaf pruning device comprises a mobile vehicle body, a pruning assembly is arranged above the mobile vehicle body, the pruning assembly comprises a base installed on the top of the mobile vehicle body, and a lifting rod hydraulic rod is installed on the upper portion of the base; a supporting plate is mounted at the top end of the lifting rod hydraulic rod, a mounting frame is mounted on the upper portion of the supporting plate, a telescopic hydraulic rod is mounted in the mounting frame, and a connecting rod is welded to the tail end of the telescopic hydraulic rod; by arranging the pruning assembly, a lifting rod hydraulic rod is used for pushing a supporting plate to ascend and descend, so that the pruning height of a smooth attached blade and a sawtooth blade is adjusted, and the requirement for pruning the heights of pineapple plant leaves with different heights is met; the smooth attached blade and the sawtooth blade are adjusted to move towards the pineapple plant to a proper working position, and the pruning efficiency and effect are improved.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of crop recycling, and discloses a self-propelled pineapple waste plant recovery and separation stem and leaf processing equipment, the stem and leaf processing equipment comprising: a plant recovery module, the plant recovery module is composed of two conveyor belts with conveying surfaces arranged opposite to each other, the conveyor belts act on the stem and leaf parts of the plant, clamp the plant and pull the plant out of the soil with the help of the conveyor belts; the plant recovery module adopts a double conveyor belt design, the surfaces of the two conveyor belts are arranged opposite to each other, forming a clamping space; when the waste pineapple plant enters this space, the plant is pulled out of the soil by the friction and clamping force between the conveyor belts, which significantly improves the processing efficiency, reduces manual intervention, and solves the problem of time-consuming and labor-intensive manual removal.

The invention discloses a pineapple picking tail end manipulator, picking equipment and a picking method thereof. The manipulator comprises a fixed box, a connecting rod mechanism, a driving part, a first wrapping device and a second wrapping device. Wherein the fixed box is of a fixed structure and is used for being connected with an external mechanical arm. The connecting rod mechanism is used for driving the first wrapping device and the second wrapping device to get close to each other to clamp pineapple fruits. The driving part is used for driving the connecting rod mechanism to deform. The first driving rod is driven by the driving piece, the connecting rod mechanism can be driven to deform, and then the first wrapping device and the second wrapping device are driven to get close to each other to clamp pineapples to complete picking. According to the mechanical arm, only the third driving rod stretches into one side, compared with a traditional picking mechanical arm which adopts a double-claw stretching mode, the mechanical arm has less interference with leaves and corms of pineapple plants, and therefore damage to the plants in the picking process is reduced. The invention relates to the technical field of pineapple picking.

The invention relates to the technical field of microorganisms and agriculture, and particularly discloses a composition containing talaromyces sp. P85 and application of the composition. Based on talaromyces P85 and bacillus P20 which are separated and screened from healthy pineapple plant rhizosphere soil, the complex microbial inoculant is prepared, the disease resistance and growth promoting effects of plants can be remarkably improved, and therefore the complex microbial inoculant can be used for creating a novel biological prevention and control product for efficiently preventing and controlling pineapple heart rot.

A use of plant exosomes as a product having the effect of enhancing viability and, by stimulating the hair follicles, enhancing hair growth in skin cells. The plant exosomes are used to revitalize and strengthen unhealthy skin and hair that have lost their vitality, to stop hair loss, to provide faster hair growth by stimulating hair follicles, and to provide a regulating effect in improving the effects such as wrinkles and age spots caused by aging skin cells. The plant exosomes are isolated from single, double, or triple combinations of plants selected from a group consisting of pineapple plant, garlic plant, and pomegranate plant. For example, a triple combination includes 1 ng-1 mg of the plant exosomes isolated from the pineapple plant, 1 ng-10 μg of the plant exosomes isolated from the garlic plant, and 1 ng-1 mg of plant exosomes isolated from the pomegranate plant.

The present application relates to the technical field of soil improvement, and particularly relates to a pineapple planting soil improvement method and a special improver thereof. The pineapple planting soil improvement method comprises the following steps: before planting, spreading the special improver for pineapple planting soil on the soil, the spreading amount being 15-25 kg per mu, and then shallow ploughing after the spreading. The special improver for pineapple planting soil comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: activated carbon or loaded activated carbon 35-65%, cake fertilizer containing nematode inhibiting substances 30-60%, loaded pomegranate peel ethanol extract 0.5-5%, and the balance being a binder. The cake fertilizer containing nematode inhibiting substances (such as cottonseed meal and tea seed meal) used in the present application is an agricultural byproduct, and the raw materials are easy to obtain and low in cost. The activated carbon can be prepared by using agricultural and forestry wastes (such as coconut shell charcoal), which is in line with the circular economy. Meanwhile, the present application is friendly to the environment and ecology, biodegradable, free of chemical residues, and has the functions of killing insects and inhibiting bacteria.

The present invention relates to the technical field of industrial informatization, and discloses a data analysis system for enterprise industrial information. A plurality of layers of ultra-thin conductive films are arranged in a layered manner above the pineapple planting area; an electric pulse release unit is used to emit pulsed current from the edge of the ultra-thin conductive film; a current signal capture unit is used to collect current signal data at set coordinates around each pineapple plant; a data preprocessing module generates corresponding current signal data sequences at every interval of a set time T starting from when the pineapple grows through the first layer of ultra-thin conductive film; a data processing module is used to input all the current signal data sequences into a yield prediction model for processing and then output the pineapple yield. The present invention can accurately obtain the current signals at the fixed-point positions around the pineapple plants on the ultra-thin conductive film, collect them once at every interval of the set time, and can accurately predict the growth and yield of the pineapple plants after data processing, effectively realizing the control of yield risks before the picking node.

The present application relates to pineapple planting technical field, disclose a kind of pineapple bagging robot end effector, including fixed frame;Righting mechanism, be set on fixed frame, for righting pineapple;Paper bag storage mechanism, be set on fixed frame, for storing paper bag;Bag opening system, including indexing mechanism and bag opening execution mechanism, indexing mechanism and bag opening execution mechanism are all set on fixed frame, indexing mechanism is used to transfer the paper bag in paper bag storage mechanism to the working end of bag opening execution mechanism, bag opening execution mechanism is used to open the paper bag after transfer, the paper bag after opening is used to set in the pineapple righted by righting mechanism, and paper bag is located directly above pineapple.This application can greatly improve bagging efficiency, compared with artificial efficiency several times, reduce labor cost, reduce manual operation link, bagging quality is stable, guarantee the bagging effect of each pineapple is consistent, suitable for a variety of specifications pineapple, strong universality, and equipment operation is stable and reliable, maintenance is simple.

The invention provides a method for promoting calcium absorption of pineapple fruits, which comprises the following steps of: soaking gauze in an aminooxyacetic acid aqueous solution or a pyrazinamide aqueous solution three months after flower forcing of a pineapple plant and four months after flower forcing, and applying the soaked gauze at the joint of the pineapple fruits and fruit stems for 2-5 hours; the gauze is soaked in the indole-3-acetic acid aqueous solution or the indole-3-butyric acid aqueous solution or the phenylacetic acid aqueous solution or the alpha-naphthylacetic acid aqueous solution for the second time, and the soaked gauze is applied to the joint of the pineapple fruit and the fruit stem for 2-5 hours again; the gauze is soaked in a 6-benayl aminopurine aqueous solution or a kinetin aqueous solution or a thidiazuron aqueous solution or a forchlorfenuron aqueous solution for the third time, and the soaked gauze is applied to the joint of the pineapple fruit and the fruit stem for 2-5 hours again. The pineapple stem separation layer can be inhibited from being formed, the calcium absorption of fruits is promoted, the incidence rate of the pineapple hydroheart disease is reduced from about 18% to about 0.6%, and the income of fruit farmers is remarkably increased.