The invention provides a rock core digital collection system and method, and belongs to the technical field of geological prospecting. The system comprises a well mouth pulley, a depth sensor, a tripod, a winch, an industrial personal computer unit, a downhole probe unit and a computer image processing unit. The depth sensor, the tripod and the winch are connected with the well mouth pulley. The industrial personal computer unit is connected with the depth sensor. The downhole probe unit and the computer image processing unit are connected with the industrial personal computer unit. Through the drilling full well wall imaging technology, after a hole is drilled, through hole cleaning and clearing, a drilling collection probe is put into the hole, the depth sensor is used in cooperation todirectly collect the 360-degree complete digital image sequence of the inner hole of the drilled hole, through the digital image processing technology, the downhole collected image sequence is subjected to digital processing, expanding, image division, edge tracking and splicing, 3D restoring is carried out, and therefore a complete rock core digital image is obtained. Through the above design, the problem that rock cores cannot be collected due to rock layer crushing and too large hole diameters is solved, and rock core digital collection is achieved.