The invention relates to a deodorization and purification treatment system of biological sludge pyrolysis synthesis gas. The system comprises a cyclone plate water spraying tower module, a spraying reaction acid removal tower module, a solar energy-rotary wheel dehumidification module, a sludge base activated carbon absorption module and a pulse bag type dust remover module in sequential connection, wherein the cyclone plate water spraying tower module comprises a pyrolysis tail gas inlet, a cyclone plate, a filling material layer, a circulation water pump, a water supplementing opening, a first sedimentation pool, a clean water spray head, a first screen defogging device and a sludge outlet; the spraying reaction acid removal tower module comprises a cyclone device, an atomization device, a two-stage filling material layer, a metering circulation pump, a second sedimentation pool, a liquid supplementing pipe and a second screen defogging device; the sludge base activated carbon absorption module consists of a solar heat collector, an electric heater, a sludge base activated carbon rotary wheel, a photocatalysis waste gas treatment device and the like. The deodorization and purification treatment system has the advantages that the structure is reasonable; fetor gas in the pyrolysis tail gas can be controlled in a national standard range; in addition, the pyrolysis synthesis gas is purified; the synthesis gas fuel gas quality is improved.