The invention discloses a locomotive vehicle intelligent maintenance system based on video identification. The system comprises an upper monitoring terminal and a movable video collecting device used for collecting video information of each maintenance object of a maintained locomotive vehicle; the movable video collecting device comprises a shell, a video capture device and an electric circuit board, and the electric circuit board is provided with a data processor, a video collecting unit and a clock circuit. According to the system, the structure is simple, the operation is easy and convenient, the using effect is good, and the maintenance process of the locomotive vehicle can be completed simply, conveniently and rapidly. Meanwhile, the invention further discloses a locomotive vehicle intelligent maintenance method. The method comprises the steps that 1, a maintenance task library is established; 2, the video information of the maintained object is collected, the maintenance records are synchronously uploaded, and the specific process comprises the steps of collecting and synchronously uploading vehicle number video information, identifying the vehicle number video information and collecting and identifying video information of a maintenance area; 3, objects which are left out in maintenance are judged. The method is simple, reasonable in design and convenient to achieve, the maintenance speed is fast, and the maintenance effect is good.