The invention discloses a prostate puncture surgical robot based on ultrasonic image navigation. The prostate puncture surgical robot comprises a seven-degree-of-freedom pose adjusting mechanism and a three-degree-of-freedom supporting frame mechanism. Wherein the posture adjusting mechanism comprises a posture adjusting module capable of realizing accurate positioning, a probe adjusting module for controlling the probe to automatically position, rotate and feed, and an end effector for realizing a puncture function. The posture adjusting module adopts a multi-joint coupling algorithm to control a remote center motion point, two rotating plates are restrained through rotation to form a connecting rod mechanism, and the angle between the two rotating plates is changed through driving of a holder motor, so that virtual fixation of the remote center motion point is achieved. The supporting frame mechanism for achieving large-range movement of the pose adjusting mechanism in the space comprises a moving module for achieving X-axis and Y-axis movement and a lifting module for achieving Z-axis up-down lifting. Under ultrasonic image navigation, automatic rotary feeding and pose adjustment of the ultrasonic probe can be achieved, accurate positioning is carried out, a large-range prostate scanning view can be obtained, the biopsy tissue sampling range can be expanded, meanwhile, automatic needle insertion of a puncture needle can be achieved, fatigue of doctors can be effectively relieved, and the working efficiency of the doctors is improved. And the surgical precision, the surgical efficiency and the surgical safety are improved to a certain extent.