1081 results about "Page table" patented technology

In a first embodiment of the present invention, a method for caching in a processor system having virtual memory is provided, the method comprising: monitoring slow memory in the processor system to determine frequently accessed pages; for a frequently accessed page in slow memory: copy the frequently accessed page from slow memory to a location in fast memory; and update virtual address page tables to reflect the location of the frequently accessed page in fast memory.

Embodiments of the present invention enable virtual-to-physical memory address translation using optimized bank and partition interleave patterns to improve memory bandwidth by distributing data accesses over multiple banks and multiple partitions. Each virtual page has a corresponding page table entry that specifies the physical address of the virtual page in linear physical address space. The page table entry also includes a data kind field that is used to guide and optimize the mapping process from the linear physical address space to the DRAM physical address space, which is used to directly access one or more DRAM. The DRAM physical address space includes a row, bank and column address. The data kind field is also used to optimize the starting partition number and partition interleave pattern that defines the organization of the selected physical page of memory within the DRAM memory system.

A method of managing computer memory pages. The sharing of a program-accessible page between two processes is managed by a predefined mechanism of a memory manager. The sharing of a page table page between the processes is managed by the same predefined mechanism. The data structures used by the mechanism are equally applicable to sharing program-accessible pages or page table pages.

A virtual memory system implementing the invention provides concurrent access to translations for virtual addresses from multiple address spaces. One embodiment of the invention is implemented in a virtual computer system, in which a virtual machine monitor supports a virtual machine. In this embodiment, the invention provides concurrent access to translations for virtual addresses from the respective address spaces of both the virtual machine monitor and the virtual machine. Multiple page tables contain the translations for the multiple address spaces. Information about an operating state of the computer system, as well as an address space identifier, are used to determine whether, and under what circumstances, an attempted memory access is permissible. If the attempted memory access is permissible, the address space identifier is also used to determine which of the multiple page tables contains the translation for the attempted memory access.

A method of virtualizing memory through shadow page tables that cache translations from multiple guest address spaces in a virtual machine includes a software version of a hardware tagged translation look-aside buffer. Edits to guest page tables are detected by intercepting the creation of guest-writable mappings to guest page tables with translations cached in shadow page tables. The affected cached translations are marked as stale and purged upon an address space switch or an indiscriminate flush of translations by the guest. Thereby, non-stale translations remain cached but stale translations are discarded. The method includes tracking the guest-writable mappings to guest page tables, deferring discovery of such mappings to a guest page table for the first time until a purge of all cached translations when the number of untracked guest page tables exceeds a threshold, and sharing shadow page tables between shadow address spaces and between virtual processors.

An enhanced mechanism for loading entries into a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) in hardware via indirect TLB entries. In one embodiment, if no direct TLB entry associated with the given virtual address is found in the TLB, the TLB is checked for an indirect TLB entry associated with the given virtual address. Each indirect TLB entry provides the real address of a page table associated with a specified range of virtual addresses and comprises an array of page table entries. If an indirect TLB entry associated with the given virtual address is found in the TLB, a computed address is generated by combining a real address field from the indirect TLB entry and bits from the given virtual address, a page table entry (PTE) is obtained by reading a word from a memory at the computed address, and the PTE is loaded into the TLB as a direct TLB entry.

An RDMA enabled I / O adapter and device driver is disclosed. In response to a memory registration that includes a list of physical memory pages backing a virtually contiguous memory region, an entry in a table in the adapter memory is allocated. A variable size data structure to store the physical addresses of the pages is also allocated as follows: if the pages are physically contiguous, the physical page address of the beginning page is stored directly in the table entry and no other allocations are made; otherwise, one small page table is allocated if the addresses will fit in a small page table; otherwise, one large page table is allocated if the addresses will fit in a large page table; otherwise, a page directory is allocated and enough page tables to store the addresses are allocated. The size and number of the small and large page tables is programmable.

An efficient write-watch mechanism and process. A bitmap is associated with the virtual address descriptor (VAD) for a process, one bit for each virtual page address allocated to a process having write-watch enabled. As part of the write-watch mechanism, if a virtual address is trimmed to disk and that virtual address page is marked as modified, then the corresponding bit in the VAD is set for that virtual address page. In response to an API call (e.g., from a garbage collection mechanism) seeking to know which virtual addresses in a process have been modified since last checked, the memory manager walks the bitmap in the relevant VAD for the specified virtual address range for the requested process. If a bit is set, then the page corresponding to that bit is known to have been modified since last asked. If specified by the API, the bit is cleared in the VAD bitmap so that it will reflect the state since this time of asking. If the bit is not set, to determine if the page was modified, the page table entry (PTE) is checked for that page, and if the PTE indicates the page was modified, the page is known to be modified, otherwise that page is known to be unmodified since the last call. One enhancement uses page directory tables to locate a series of trimmed pages, sometimes avoiding the need to access the PTE.

A computer system including a first processor, a second processor in communication with the first processor, a memory coupled to the first and second processors (i.e., a shared memory) and including multiple memory locations, and a storage device coupled to the first processor. The first and second processors implement virtual memory using the memory. The first processor maintains a first set of page tables and a second set of page tables in the memory. The first processor uses the first set of page tables to access the memory locations within the memory. The second processor uses the second set of page tables, maintained by the first processor, to access the memory locations within the memory. A virtual memory page replacement method is described for use in the computer system, wherein the virtual memory page replacement method is designed to help maintain paged memory coherence within the multiprocessor computer system.

A page table entry management method and apparatus provide the Microkernel System with the capability to program the memory management unit on the PowerPC family of processors. The PowerPC processors define a limited set of page table entries (PTEs) to maintain virtual to physical mappings. The page table entry management method and apparatus solves the problem of a limited number of PTEs by segment aliasing when two or more user processes share a segment of memory. The segments are aliased rather than duplicating the PTES. This significantly reduces the number of PTEs. In addition, the method provides for caching existing PTEs when the system actually runs out of PTEs. A cache of recently discarded PTEs provides a fast fault resolution when a recently used page is accessed again.

The present invention provides a system, method, and computer-readable medium for identifying malware that is loaded in the memory of a computing device. Software routines implemented by the present invention track the state of pages loaded in memory using page table access bits available from a central processing unit. A page in memory may be in a state that is “unsafe” or potentially infected with malware. In this instance, the present invention calls a scan engine to search a page for malware before information on the page is executed.

A computerized method is provided for protecting processes operating within a computing device. The method comprises an operation for identifying, by a virtualization layer operating in a host mode, when a guest process switch has occurred. The guest process switch corresponds to a change as to an operating state of a process within a virtual machine. Responsive to an identified guest process switch, an operation is conducted to determine, by the virtualization layer, whether hardware circuitry within the computing device is to access a different nested page table for use in memory address translations. The different nested page table alters page permissions for one or more memory pages associated with at least the process that are executable in the virtual machine.

In an embodiment, an input / output (I / O) memory management unit (IOMMU) comprises at least one memory configured to store translation data; and control logic coupled to the memory and configured to translate an I / O device-generated memory request using the translation data. The translation data corresponds to one or more device table entries in a device table stored in a memory system of a computer system that includes the IOMMU, wherein the device table entry for a given request is selected by an identifier corresponding to the I / O device that generates the request. The translation data further corresponds to one or more I / O page tables, wherein the selected device table entry for the given request includes a pointer to a set of I / O page tables to be used to translate the given request.

A method and apparatus for implementing a page table walker that uses at least one of a default page size and a page size selected for a virtual address space to position a sliding field in a virtual address. According to one aspect of the invention, an apparatus for use in a computer system is provided that includes a page size storage area and a page table walker. The page size storage area is used to store a number of page sizes each selected for translating a different set of virtual addresses. The page table walker includes a selection unit coupled to the page size storage area, as well as a page entry address generator coupled to the selection unit. For each of the virtual address received, the selection unit positions a field in that virtual address based on the page size selected for translating the set of virtual addresses to which that virtual address belongs. In response to receiving the bits in the field identified for each of the virtual addresses, the page entry address generator identifies an entry in a page table based on those bits.

Enhanced shadow page table algorithms are presented for enhancing typical page table algorithms. In a virtual machine environment, where an operating system may be running within a partition, the operating system maintains it's own guest page tables. These page tables are not the real page tables that map to the real physical memory. Instead, the memory is mapped by shadow page tables maintained by a virtualing program, such as a hypervisor, that virtualizes the partition containing the operating system. Enhanced shadow page table algorithms provide efficient ways to harmonize the shadow page tables and the guest page tables. Specifically, by using tagged translation lookaside buffers, batched shadow page table population, lazy flags, and cross-processor shoot downs, the algorithms make sure that changes in the guest pages tables are reflected in the shadow page tables.

A system and method for maintaining consistency between translational look-aside buffers (TLB) and page tables. A TLB has a TLB table for storing a list of virtual memory address-to-physical memory address translations, or page table entries (PTES) and a hardware-based controller for invalidating a translation that is stored in the TLB table when a corresponding page table entry changes. The TLB table includes a virtual memory (VM) page tag and a page table entry address tag for indexing the list of translations The VM page tag can be searched for VM pages that are referenced by a process. If a referenced VM page is found, an associated physical address is retrieved for use by the processor. The TLB controller includes a snooping controller for snooping a cache-memory interconnect for activity that affects PTEs. The page table entry address tag can be searched by a search engine in the TLB controller for snooped page table entry addresses. The TLB controller includes an updating module for invalidating or updating translations associated with snooped page table entry addresses. Translations in TLBs are thus updated or invalidated through hardware when an operating system changes a PTE, without intervention by an operating system or other software.

A method and apparatus in a data processing system for measuring events associated with the execution of instructions are provided. Instructions are received at a processor in the data processing system. If a selected indicator is associated with the instruction, counting of each event associated with the execution of the instruction is enabled. In some embodiments, the performance indicators, counters, thresholds, and other performance monitoring structures may be stored in a page table that is used to translate virtual addresses into physical storage addresses. A standard page table is augmented with additional fields for storing the performance monitoring structures. These structures may be set by the performance monitoring application and may be queried and modified as events occur that require access to physical storage.

A computer system has secondary data that is derived from primary data, such as entries in a TLB being derived from entries in a page table. When an actor changes the primary data, a producer indicates the change in a set data structure, such as a data array, in memory that is shared by the producer and a consumer. There may be multiple producers and multiple consumers and each producer / consumer pair has a separate channel. At coherency events, at which incoherencies between the primary data and the secondary data should be removed, consumers read the channels to determine the changes, and update the secondary data accordingly. The system may be a multiprocessor virtual computer system, the actor may be a guest operating system, and the producers and consumers may be subsystems within a virtual machine monitor, wherein each subsystem exports a separate virtual central processing unit.

An input / output memory management unit (IOMMU) configured to control requests by an I / O device to a system memory includes control logic that may perform a two-level guest translation to translate an address associated with an I / O device-generated request using translation data stored in the system memory. The translation data includes a device table having a number of entries. The control logic may select the device table entry for a given request by the using a device identifier that corresponds to the I / O device that generates the request. The translation data may also include a first set of I / O page tables including a set of guest page tables and a set of nested page tables. The selected device table entry for the given request may include a pointer to the set of guest translation tables, and a last guest translation table includes a pointer to the set of nested page tables

A method and an apparatus that improves virtual memory management. The proposed method and apparatus provides an application with an efficient channel for communicating information about future behavior of an application with respect to the use of memory and other resources to the OS, a paging daemon, and other system software. The state of hint bits, which are integrated into page table entries and TLB entries and are used for communicating information to the OS, can be changed explicitly with a special instruction or implicitly as a result of referencing the associated page. The latter is useful for canceling hints. The method and apparatus enables memory allocators, garbage collectors, and compilers (such as those used by the Java platform) to use a page-aligned heap and a page-aligned stack to assist the OS in effective management of memory resources. This mechanism can also be used in other system software.

The disclosed embodiments relate to an optimized memory registration mechanism that may comprise an upper layer protocol that associates I / O buffers with memory regions and that manages steering tags. The memory regions may be associated with a translation page table. The upper layer protocol may allocate one of the steering tags associated with at least one of the memory regions for a memory operation.

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to efficient provision, by a virtual-machine monitor, of a virtual, physical memory interface to guest operating systems and other programs and routines interfacing to a computer system through a virtual-machine interface. In one embodiment of the present invention, a virtual-machine monitor maintains control over a translation lookaside buffer (“TLB”), machine registers which control virtual memory translations, and a processor page table, providing each concurrently executing guest operating system with a guest-processor-page table and guest-physical memory-to-physical memory translations. In one embodiment, a virtual-machine monitor can rely on hardware virtual-address-translation mechanisms for the bulk of virtual-address translations needed during guest-operating-system execution, thus providing a guest-physical memory interface without introducing excessive overhead and inefficiency.

Extensions to operating systems or software applications can be hosted in virtual environments to fault isolate the extension. A generic proxy extension invoked by a host process can coordinate the invocation of an appropriate extension in a virtual process that can provide the same support APIs as the host process. Furthermore, a user mode context can be provided to the extension in the virtual process through memory copying or page table modifications. In addition, the virtual process, especially a virtual operating system process running on a virtual machine, can be efficiently started by cloning a coherent state. A coherent state can be created when a virtual machine starts up, or when the computing device starts up and the appropriate parameters are observed and saved. Alternatively, the operating system can create a coherent state by believing there is an additional CPU during the boot process.

An IOMMU for controlling requests by an I / O device to a system memory of a computer system includes control logic and a cache memory. The control logic may translate an address received in a request from the I / O device. If the request includes a transaction layer protocol (TLP) packet with a process address space identifier (PASID) prefix, the control logic may perform a two-level guest translation. Accordingly, the control logic may access a set of guest page tables to translate the address received in the request. A pointer in a last guest page table points to a first table in a set of nested page tables. The control logic may use the pointer in a last guest page table to access the set of nested page tables to obtain a system physical address (SPA) that corresponds to a physical page in the system memory. The cache memory stores completed translations.

A method and system are provided that does not perform a page walk on the guest page tables if the shadow page table entry corresponding to the guest virtual address for accessing the virtual memory indicates that a corresponding mapping from the guest virtual address to a guest physical address is not present in the guest page tables. A marker or indicator is stored in the shadow page table entries to indicate that a mapping corresponding to the guest virtual address of the shadow page table entry is not present in the guest page table.

Systems and methods for program directed memory access patterns including a memory system with a memory, a memory controller and a virtual memory management system. The memory includes a plurality of memory devices organized into one or more physical groups accessible via associated busses for transferring data and control information. The memory controller receives and responds to memory access requests that contain application access information to control access pattern and data organization within the memory. Responding to memory access request includes accessing one or more memory devices. The virtual memory management system includes: a plurality of page table entries for mapping virtual memory addresses to real addresses in the memory; a hint state responsive to application access information for indicating how real memory for associated pages is to be physically organized within the memory; and a means for conveying the hint state to the memory controller.

A computer system that is programmed with virtual memory accesses to physical memory employs multi-bit counters associated with its page table entries. When a page walker visits a page table entry, the multi-bit counter associated with that page table entry is incremented by one. The computer operating system uses the counts in the multi-bit counters of different page table entries to determine where large pages can be deployed effectively. In a virtualized computer system having a nested paging system, multi-bit counters associated with both its primary page table entries and its nested page table entries are used. These multi-bit counters are incremented during nested page walks. Subsequently, the guest operating systems and the virtual machine monitors use the counts in the appropriate multi-bit counters to determine where large pages can be deployed effectively.

In accordance with one embodiment, additions to the standard computer microprocessor architecture hardware are disclosed comprising novel page table entry fields 015 062, special registers 021 022, instructions for modifying these fields 120 122 and registers 124 126, and hardware-implemented 038 runtime checks and operations involving these fields and registers. More specifically, in the above embodiment of a Hard Object system, there is additional meta-data 061 in each page table entry beyond what it commonly holds, and each time a data load or store is issued from the CPU, and the virtual address 032 translated to the physical address 034, the Hard Object system uses its additional PTE meta-data 061 to perform memory access checks additional to those done in current systems. Together with changes to software, these access checks can be arranged carefully to provide more fine-grain access control for data than do current systems.