The invention discloses a transient characteristic test system of a mutual inductor based on digital simulation of a Rogowski coil. The system comprises a signal conditioning module, an optical fiber sending module, an optical fiber Ethernet module, a digital analog converter, an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), a POWERPC, a crystal oscillator, a human-computer interface and a storage module, wherein the crystal oscillator is connected with the FPGA and the POWERPC, the FPGA is connected with the digital analog converter, the optical fiber sending module, the optical fiber Ethernet module and the POWERPC, the POWERPC is connected with the storage module and the human-computer interface, and the digital analog converter is connected with the signal conditioning module. The FPGA comprises a synchronization module, a data receiving module and a DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) control module. The POWERPC comprises a digital simulation model module of the Rogowski coil, a parameter configuration module, a test data processing module and a transient characteristic analyzing module. Based on an ideal Rogowski coil model, a differential signal output is established for all-digital simulation test to be not limited in individual professional laboratories. Advantages of hardware integration and software integration can be compared, and all-around simulation test of transient characteristics of the electronic mutual inductor can be realized.