The invention discloses a single-drive synchronous unfolding mechanism provided with multiple folding control planes. Each control plane of a traditional small guided missile is independently driven by a torsion spring to be unfolded, synchronism is difficultly ensured, and the adopted unfolding mechanism enable the radial size of the guided missile to be large during folding. The single-drive synchronous unfolding mechanism comprises a cabin body, an actuator cylinder, a connecting rod and four unfolding mechanisms, wherein an actuator cylinder installing seat is fixed to the cabin, the actuator cylinder is connected with an actuator cylinder installing seat sliding pair, four actuator cylinder convex lugs are evenly distributed on the actuator cylinder, each actuator cylinder convex lug is hinged to the inner end of one connecting rod, and the outer ends of the four connecting rods extend out of installing holes formed in the unfolding mechanism respectively and are hinged to slide blocks of the corresponding unfolding mechanism. The unfolding mechanism comprises a rudder stick, the slide blocks, lug pieces, a middle rudder, a rudder tip, connecting rods and a spring locking mechanism, wherein the spring locking mechanism is used for locking the slide blocks and a rudder shaft. The transverse size of a missile body is effectively decreased during control plane folding. The controllability and synchronism in the unfolding process of the four control planes are ensured through driving of the single actuator cylinder.