4599 results about "Supercharger" patented technology

The invention discloses an optimization control method for a target EGR rate, which comprises the following steps: entering EGR closed-loop enabling under the condition of meeting the closed-loop enabling of an EGR system, determining a filtering time coefficient of the target EGR rate according to the response time of a supercharger and the time of exhaust gas flowing from an EGR valve to an EGR exhaust gas convergence point, and calculating the change rate of the filtering time coefficient of the target EGR rate; obtaining filtering time according to a filtering time learning coefficient and the change rate of the filtering time coefficient of the target EGR rate; according to the filtering time and the target EGR rate, the filtered target EGR rate is obtained; and an EGR valve is controlled according to the filtered target EGR rate. According to the method provided by the invention, the target EGR rate can be optimized, the influence on engine knock deterioration when EGR enters is improved, and meanwhile, the supercharging control stability and the emission performance of the engine are improved.

The present invention relates to the technical field of textile fabric detection, and in particular to a device for detecting the air permeability of textile fabrics, including a detection chassis, wherein the detection chassis is provided with an upper cavity and a lower cavity that are connected to each other, a load-bearing bracket is fixedly installed in the lower end of the lower cavity, and a driving motor is fixedly installed on the load-bearing bracket, the detection chassis is provided with a first limiting mechanism for fixing the fabric from the left and right sides through the driving motor, and a load-bearing bracket is symmetrically arranged in the upper cavity. The present invention arranges a ball screw driven to rotate by a driving motor in the detection chassis, and uses the ball screw and a lifting nut to pull the guide block and the guide rod; by arranging a load-bearing bracket that is symmetrical in front and back in the upper cavity, the fabric is clamped and limited from the front and back sides; a supercharger is used to infuse sulfur dioxide gas into the fabric fixed to different degrees, and by observing whether the magenta solution in the reaction tank fades, it is judged whether the sulfur dioxide gas has passed through the fabric.

The invention discloses a welding fixture for machining a turbine shell, which belongs to the technical field of turbocharger machining and comprises a turntable and adjustable welding clamping mechanisms uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction of the turntable, the adjustable welding clamping mechanism comprises a fixed rack, a movable machine base, an inner supporting type clamping assembly for clamping the turbine shell, an adjustable limiting assembly for positioning the end face of an air inlet of the turbine shell and an adjustable shifting assembly for pushing the turbine shell to rotate. According to the welding clamp for machining the turbine shell, automatic and rapid positioning of the turbine shell can be achieved so that a rocker arm can be welded conveniently, and the welding clamp can adapt to turbine shells of different models.

The invention discloses an optimization control method for pressurization closed-loop enabling. The optimization control method comprises the steps that whether the pressure in a compressor of an engine supercharger assembly meets the minimum pressure condition or not is judged; judging whether the engine speed meets the engine speed condition or not; whether a pressure release valve of the engine supercharger assembly is not opened or not is judged; if all the judgments are yes, pressurization closed-loop enabling is allowed, and pressurization closed-loop control is carried out after pressurization closed-loop enabling; otherwise, the pressurization closed-loop enabling is not carried out. According to the method, the pressurization closed-loop enabling condition is optimized, the pressure control stability when pressurization enters a closed loop is improved, the pressurization responsiveness and the EGR system responsiveness are improved, pressurization closed-loop control is optimized, in other words, the engine rotating speed condition and the minimum pressure condition are optimized under different EGR working conditions, and therefore the engine performance is improved. And dynamic learning optimization is carried out under the minimum pressure condition, learning parameters are continuously updated in the subsequent control process, and the pressurization control stability is further improved.

There is provided a centrifugal impeller for a compressor of a turbocharger. The impeller comprises a hub and a blade. The hub extends along an impeller axis. The blade extends from the hub. The blade defines a pressure surface and a suction surface. The pressure surface comprises a concave portion.

A turbocharger assembly having a turbine assembly and a compressor assembly that are coupled by a rotating shaft. The turbine assembly includes an exhaust incoming-flow duct configured to deliver exhaust gases to a turbine wheel in an annular flow-path. The turbine wheel redirects and discharges the exhaust gases in a direction that is substantially opposite to the incoming exhaust flow direction. The exhaust outgoing flow passes radially inside of the annular flow-path of the exhaust incoming-flow duct. The compressor assembly includes an air incoming-flow duct configured to deliver air to an impeller wheel. The impeller wheel compresses, redirects, and discharges the air in an annular flow-path in a direction that is substantially opposite to the incoming airflow direction. The air incoming flow passes radially inside of the annular flow-path of the air outgoing-flow duct.

The invention discloses a supercharging optimization control method based on ignition efficiency, which comprises the following steps of: periodically detecting a supercharging closed-loop enabling condition for an engine, and when the state of the engine is changed from a state meeting the supercharging closed-loop enabling condition to a state not meeting the supercharging closed-loop enabling condition, starting the ignition efficiency; according to the ratio of the actual outlet pressure to the actual inlet pressure of the throttle valve and the current real-time rotating speed of the engine, the initial duration value when the target opening degree of the supercharging actuator is kept unchanged is determined; determining remaining time according to the duration initial value, and updating and optimizing the remaining time according to the ignition angle efficiency variable quantity to obtain optimized remaining time; and the optimized remaining time serves as the maintaining time of the opening degree of the pressurization actuator through pressurization closed-loop enabling, and the pressurization process is controlled according to the maintaining time. According to the method, the problems of control smoothness and stability possibly caused when the pressurization closed loop is quitted are optimized, and the stability of the air inlet pressure and the pressure of an outlet of the supercharger in the quitting process of the pressurization closed loop is improved.

The invention discloses a surge valve control method and device, electronic equipment and a vehicle, relates to the field of engines, and aims to determine whether an engine is in a target working condition representing that a supercharger is liable to have a surge phenomenon or not. And on the basis of determining that the engine is in the target working condition, according to the intensity of the change of the operation state of the engine under the target working condition, when the engine is determined to be in a relatively strong transient working condition, whether a surge valve is opened or not is determined in time in combination with the opening degree of a throttle valve. And when it is determined that the surge valve is not opened, whether the surge valve is opened or not is further determined according to the air inlet flow of the engine and the opening degree of the throttle valve. Whether the surge valve is opened or not is judged according to the target working condition, the strong transient working condition and the surge flow of the engine in sequence, the multiple working conditions and operation conditions of the engine are synthesized, the opening condition of the surge valve is more accurately determined, the situation that the surge valve is opened abnormally can be effectively reduced, and therefore the situation that power of the engine is insufficient is effectively reduced.

The invention relates to an engine braking stepless regulation method, device and equipment and a medium, and belongs to the technical field of engine braking. The method comprises the steps that a negative torque request and basic driving data sent when a vehicle is braked are obtained, and the required negative torque is determined according to the negative torque request; according to the basic driving data and the required negative torque, the engine braking starting state is determined; when the engine braking starting state is starting, and engine braking of the vehicle does not meet the required negative torque, a pneumatic supercharger is adjusted, and first engine braking torque is obtained; when the first engine braking torque meets the required negative torque, stepless adjustment of engine braking is completed, and the braking effect can be improved through engine braking and adjustment of a pneumatic supercharger; the engine braking torque of the vehicle is controlled according to the required negative torque, continuous and variable torque adjustment can be carried out, and then stepless adjustment of engine braking is achieved.

A control system for an engine comprising a turbocharger includes a cold light off catalyst (CLOC), a main catalyst, a CLOC valve, and a controller. The CLOC is positioned in a bypass passage around a turbine of the turbocharger. The main catalyst is disposed downstream of the turbine and the CLOC. The CLOC valve selectively routes exhaust flow from the engine between the turbine and the CLOC. The controller determines whether a temperature of the main catalyst is less than a threshold; commands a CLOC mode wherein the CLOC valve routes at least some exhaust to the CLOC based on the temperature being less than the threshold; determines whether a boost is requested at the engine; determines whether a full turbine input is needed to satisfy the requested boost; and disables the CLOC mode based on a determination that a full turbine input is needed.

The invention provides a marine engine turbocharger fault prediction method based on digital twinning. The marine engine turbocharger fault prediction method comprises the steps that operation parameters and vibration signals of a marine turbocharger are acquired; performing signal processing on the vibration signal; establishing a three-dimensional solid model of the supercharger; establishing a fluid excitation reconstruction model and a vibration response model according to the three-dimensional entity model; performing all-condition fault simulation based on the vibration response model to obtain fault data; constructing a full-condition fault data set and training a fault prediction model, and screening sensitive vibration characteristic parameter categories based on various vibration characteristic parameters; according to a data transmission relationship among the fluid excitation reconstruction model, the vibration response model and the fault prediction model, constructing a corresponding data twinborn model; and inputting the operation parameters and the sensitive characteristic parameters corresponding to the real-time vibration signals into a digital twinborn model, and obtaining an output fault type and a fault degree. According to the method, the fault type and degree of the supercharger are accurately predicted, and the reliability and safety of equipment are improved.

An air conditioning system is provided. The air conditioning system includes an air compressor, a battery, a generator, a blower, and a turboexpander. The air compressor generates pressurized air from ambient air. The battery is for powering the air compressor motor. The generator is electrically connected to the battery. The turboexpander includes a drive shaft, a turbine wheel coupled to the drive shaft, and an expander coupled to the drive shaft. The pressurized air provides a source of kinetic energy to directly cause the turbine wheel to rotate and generate boosted air from the pressurized air, and the boosted air from the turbine wheel is configured to be received in the expander wheel and directly cause the expander wheel and the drive shaft to rotate together with the turbine wheel, thereby generating expanded and cooled air in the expander wheel.

The invention relates to the technical field of engines, in particular to a turbocharger and an engine system. The turbocharger comprises a rotating shaft, an integrated bearing and a middle shell, the rotating shaft is sleeved with the integrated bearing, the integrated bearing is sleeved with the middle shell, an oil supply pipeline is arranged in the middle shell and comprises an oil supply inlet, a connecting pipeline, an oil storage chamber, a bearing chamber, an oil outlet pipeline and an oil return cavity which are sequentially communicated, and the integrated bearing is located in the bearing chamber. The oil supply inlet is higher than the bearing chamber, the oil storage chamber is lower than the bearing chamber, and the oil outlet pipeline is higher than the bearing chamber. According to the turbocharger, under the transient working condition, the oil supply amount of the bearing chamber can meet the use requirement; and under the cold start working condition, the oil supply time is short, the rotating shaft is prevented from being abraded, the service life of the rotating shaft is prolonged, and therefore the turbocharger has the long service life.

The invention discloses a method for predicting the fatigue life of an automobile turbocharger pipeline. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: firstly, measuring and acquiring an S-N curve of the automobile turbocharger pipeline; constructing a simulation calculation model of the pipeline, and calculating fatigue life values of the pipeline under different conditions through the simulation calculation model to obtain a data set; an MLP neural network prediction model is constructed, the MLP neural network prediction model is optimized through a Bayesian optimization algorithm, and an optimal hyper-parameter combination is sought; substituting the data set into the MLP neural network prediction model of the optimal hyper-parameter combination for training; predicting through the trained MLP neural network prediction model to obtain a fatigue life value of the turbocharger pipeline; the method has the advantages that the credibility and the accuracy of the data sample calculated by the simulation calculation model under different structure parameters and external loads are high, and the Bayesian optimization algorithm is adopted to perform parameter tuning on the MLP neural network prediction model, so that the credibility and the accuracy of the prediction result are high.

The utility model relates to a liquid hydrogen storage tank with a vaporizer. Comprising an inner shell used for containing liquid hydrogen; the pressurizing unit comprises a pressurizing pipeline, and a pressurizing valve, a pressurizer and a pressurizing and pressure regulating valve which are sequentially arranged on the pressurizing pipeline in the medium flowing direction; one end of the pressurizing pipeline is connected with the bottom end of the inner shell, and the other end is communicated with the gas-phase space of the inner shell; the pressurizing unit is used for maintaining the pressure of the inner shell at a first pressure; the air supply unit comprises an air supply pipeline, and an air supply valve, a vaporizer, a pressure reducing valve and a check valve which are sequentially arranged on the air supply pipeline in the medium flowing direction; one end of the gas supply pipeline is connected with the bottom end of the inner shell, and the other end is connected with external gas utilization equipment; the vaporizer is used for converting liquid hydrogen into hydrogen, and the pressure reducing valve is used for reducing the pressure of the gasified hydrogen to the pressure required by gas equipment; and the exhaust unit is communicated with the gas phase space of the inner shell and is used for exhausting the overpressure gas. According to the storage tank, gas supply parameters can be changed according to gas use requirements of users, and the applicability is high.

An inlet shield with a first portion that is configured to be secured to an inlet of a turbocharger, and a second portion that is configured to be removably coupled to the first portion via magnets, wherein different second portions may have different mesh layouts allowing a consumer to choose different levels of protection and air flow based on desired use.

The invention relates to the technical field of turbocharger experiments, in particular to a turbocharger surge experiment device which comprises a first branch pipe, a second branch pipe, a surge tank and an exhaust pipe, a vortex shedding flowmeter and a first flow adjusting valve are arranged on the exhaust pipe, and the two sides of the exhaust pipe are connected with the first branch pipe and the second branch pipe respectively. A surge relief valve is arranged on a pipeline of the first branch pipe, a second flow regulating valve is arranged on a pipeline of the second branch pipe, a flow limiting valve is arranged at one end of the pressure stabilizing tank, a pressure difference transmitter is arranged at the other end of the pressure stabilizing tank, the flow limiting valve is connected to a pipe section in front of the vortex shedding flowmeter through a connecting pipe, and a three-way connector is arranged on a pipeline of the connecting pipe. And the three-way joint is connected to the pressure difference transmitter through a pipeline at one end. The test device not only can simulate the surge generation condition of the turbocharger, but also can test the surge bearing limit of the turbocharger, and ensures smooth research and development of the turbocharger.

The invention discloses a PSA oxygen production and emergency oxygen production combined oxygen using system and an oxygen using method. The system comprises a PSA oxygen production unit, an emergency oxygen production unit, a low-pressure buffer tank, an oxygen supercharger, a high-pressure oxygen storage tank, a filling device and a portable oxygen supply device. A low-pressure sensor is arranged on the low-pressure buffer tank; a high-pressure sensor is arranged on the high-pressure oxygen storage tank; an oxygen concentration monitor is arranged between the reversing valve of the oxygen conveying pipeline and the air outlet of the molecular sieve group; and the master control module controls the working states of the PSA oxygen generation unit and the oxygen supercharger through monitoring and signal feedback of the low-pressure sensor, the high-pressure sensor and the oxygen concentration monitor. The system is simple in structure, small in size and high in space utilization rate, has multiple oxygen generation schemes, can realize emergency oxygen supply schemes under special conditions, and can store a certain amount of oxygen under daily conditions for unexpected needs.

The invention provides a turbocharger performance evaluation method and system, and relates to the technical field of artificial intelligence, and the method comprises the steps of data collection, model establishment, model training, performance state output, performance state evaluation and the like. The system comprises a data acquisition module, a model building module, a model training module, a performance state output module and a performance state evaluation module, the performance of the turbocharger can be comprehensively evaluated based on the equipment aging condition through a built performance degradation model, and the accuracy of turbocharger evaluation is improved.

An apparatus and methods for a rotor pack are provided for a positive displacement supercharger that produces greater engine power output without loss of best seal between the rotors or between the rotors and an interior surface of an enclosing case. The rotors include relief zones and cupped portions at an intake airflow side of each lobe comprising the rotors. The relief zones allow additional airflow to enter the rotor pack while the cupped portions scoop additional airflow into the rotor pack during operation of the supercharger. Tapered radius portions of an enclosing case allow additional airflow to be dragged into the rotor pack. Pressure relief portions on a rotor bearing plate and angled portions on each lobe extend compression events during operation of the rotor pack. The angled portions reduce a margin of the lobes to sharpened edges without affecting the diameter of the margin.

To solve a problem that there is conventionally required an outboard motor equipped with a supercharger which can be suppressed in an increase in size and an increase in manufacturing cost.SOLUTION: An outboard motor 2 has an internal combustion engine 10, a propeller 24 which is rotated by driving of the internal combustion engine 10, a lower unit 20 which rotatably supports the propeller 24, a lower exhaust passage 21 provided in the lower unit 20, and a supercharger unit 30 provided between the internal combustion engine 10 and the lower exhaust passage 21. The turbocharger unit 30 has a first communication passage 34 with an inlet 34a connected to an exhaust pipe 16 extending from the internal combustion engine 10, a turbine of a supercharger 31 rotated by exhaust gas from the first communication passage 34, a second communication passage 35 with an outlet 35a into which exhaust gas from the supercharger 31 is introduced and which is connected to the lower exhaust passage 21, and a compressor of the supercharger 31, which rotates in conjunction with the turbine to supercharge air to the internal combustion engine 10. The supercharger unit 30 integrally includes the first communication passage 34, the turbine, the second communication passage 35, and the compressor.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

The invention belongs to the technical field of part machining, and relates to an automobile turbocharger part machining device which comprises a mounting disc, and a plurality of clamping columns are arranged on the mounting disc in a sliding mode. An open dovetail groove is formed in one side of the installation disc and extends to the center of the installation disc, a dovetail block is slidably inserted into the dovetail groove of the installation disc, a guide support perpendicular to the dovetail groove is connected to the dovetail block, two limiting clamping plates slide on the guide support, a sliding block slides on the guide support, and a bidirectional lead screw is rotationally arranged on the sliding block. The two ends of the two-way lead screw are in threaded connection with the two limiting clamping plates correspondingly. By means of the limiting effect that the dovetail block moves front and back along the dovetail groove and the limiting effect that the limiting clamping plate and the sliding block move left and right along the guide support, an air pipe opening of the turbine shell faces forwards all the time, meanwhile, centering clamping of the turbine shell is completed through the clamping column, alignment and centering clamping are synchronously carried out, and therefore positioning machining treatment of the turbine shell is facilitated, operation is easy, and the machining efficiency is improved. And manual repeated use of tools for alignment and positioning is not needed.

A supercharged internal combustion engine is drivably connected to a variable displacement supercharger operable to continuously supply varying amounts of an air mass to the engine in response to the varying power requirements of the engine. The variable displacement capability eliminates blowdown losses of fixed displacement superchargers and substantially reduces the need for throttling of the intake air. The device also presents an air-motoring mode that can recover a portion of the engine throttling losses as positive power returned to the engine crankshaft when the engine intake manifold is below atmospheric pressure.

The invention discloses a turbocharger turbine shell punching and positioning device, and particularly relates to the technical field of metal processing and positioning, the turbocharger turbine shell punching and positioning device comprises an annular frame, a sliding frame, a sleeve block and a synchronous transverse interval positioning mechanism; the synchronous transverse interval positioning mechanism comprises a screw rod, a gear motor, a groove ring, a plurality of connecting shafts and a sleeving rod, and further comprises a synchronous longitudinal interval positioning mechanism and a vertical synchronous positioning assembly. By means of the synchronous transverse interval positioning mechanism, the punching device has the advantages that accurate guiding positioning punching is conducted according to the specified transverse interval, and the punching positioning qualification rate of the turbocharger turbine shell is greatly increased, so that the problem that accurate guiding positioning punching is difficult to conduct on a plurality of hole sites in the turbocharger turbine shell according to the specified transverse interval is solved, and the punching efficiency is improved. And the problem that the punching and positioning qualification rate of the turbocharger turbine shell is greatly reduced due to the fact that accurate guiding, positioning and punching are difficult to carry out on a plurality of hole sites in the turbocharger turbine shell according to the specified longitudinal distance is solved.

The utility model discloses a cold isostatic press for graphite products, which comprises a base, four corners of the base are provided with supporting legs, the supporting legs are provided with a first supporting plate and a second supporting plate, the first supporting plate is provided with a working cylinder, an end cover capable of covering up and down is arranged right above the working cylinder, and the working cylinder is provided with a second supporting plate. The second supporting plate is provided with a hydraulic supercharger under the working cylinder, the base is provided with a movable static pressure main body, a first cavity is formed in the static pressure main body, and the end cover is matched with the working cylinder and then statically presses in the first cavity; when the cold isostatic press for the graphite product is used, graphite can be pressed into a solid body, the overall structure is stable under high pressure, the safety coefficient is high, the static pressing body is wide in application range, the graphite static pressing requirement is met, and the cold isostatic press is suitable for application and popularization.

The invention relates to a device for producing a sand core of a non-precoated sand shell of a supercharger bearing shell, which comprises a core shooter, is equipment for the casting industry, and comprises a stand column component, a sand shooting component, a mold frame component and a base, the negative pressure structure is arranged on one side of the mold frame component and is intermittently communicated with the interior of the mold frame component; in the negative pressure structure, a toothed plate in a sliding rail is connected with a reset spring, the spring is fixed to a limiting baffle, a push rod in the reset spring is connected with a toothed rod, the toothed rod is connected with a driving gear and other components, an upward lifting block in the toothed plate is matched with a mold slope lifting rod, a barge-back rod is arranged above the sliding rail, and a toothed plate side face air exhaust ratchet gear is connected with a reciprocating lead screw and the like. The exhaust pipe is communicated with the air storage tank which is provided with an electromagnetic valve; the device improves the efficiency and the quality, reduces the cost and the labor intensity, when the mold is closed, the mold drives the component to move upwards to exhaust air so as to reduce flying sand, and after core shooting, the component is reset to clean and recycle molding sand.

A turbocharger device relates to the technical field of internal combustion engine supercharging devices and comprises a bearing body, an oil supply pipeline and an integrated bearing. The integrated bearing comprises a pressing end integrated bearing and a vortex end integrated bearing which are arranged in parallel in the axial direction, the bearing body comprises a bearing seat inner wall face, a supporting sleeve is rotationally arranged in the bearing seat inner wall face, and the pressing end integrated bearing and the vortex end integrated bearing are located on the two sides of the supporting sleeve; the pressure end integrated bearing and the vortex end integrated bearing are correspondingly connected with a first oil supply pin and a second oil supply pin which are communicated with inner cavities of the pressure end integrated bearing and the vortex end integrated bearing in the radial direction, and the first oil supply pin and the second oil supply pin are fixed to the bearing body. The split type bearing system is used for solving the problems that although a split type bearing system in the prior art avoids the influence of high temperature, engine oil consumption is large, inner oil film lubrication is insufficient, and cost is high; although an integrated bearing system realizes low cost and structure simplification, the key problems of sufficient lubrication of an inner oil film, high-temperature reliability of a thrust surface and oil control capacity of a gas compressor side are obviously short.

An exhaust turbocharger has a housing, in which a shaft is mounted by bearings, which carries a turbine wheel, on the one hand, and a compressor wheel, on the other hand. An electric machine has a rotor and a stator. The rotor is secured on the shaft for conjoint rotation therewith and the stator surrounds the rotor radially on the outside. A sleeve, which supports the rotor radially and axially, is arranged between the stator and the rotor. The sleeve has at least one fluid duct, by way of which a cooling fluid can be guided toward the bearings of the shaft.

To early activate a catalyst of a three-way catalyst device for purifying exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, in a power device including the internal combustion engine using ammonia and ignition fuel as fuel.SOLUTION: A power plant 10 comprises a turbocharger 26 that turbocharges intake air of an internal combustion engine 12 to increase an intake pressure, and a throttle valve 24 that narrows a flow path of an intake pipe 22. When a catalyst in a three-way catalytic device 44 is inactive, a wastegate valve 50 of the turbocharger 26 is opened, or in addition, an intake flow path is narrowed by the throttle valve 24, to lower the intake pressure compared to that in normal time. The lowering of the intake pressure reduces a heat capacity of materials in a cylinder, increases a combustion temperature, and increases an exhaust temperature. High-temperature exhaust gas increases a temperature of the catalyst early, to accelerate activation.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention relates to the technical field of brazing equipment, in particular to welding equipment for automobile supercharger oil pipe machining. Comprising a machine body, a welding gun connected with the machine body is arranged above the machine body, and a mounting frame is mounted at the upper end of the machine body; through cooperation of a clamping plate and a clamping block, in the process that an electric push rod pushes the clamping block through the clamping plate to clamp an oil pipe, the clamping block making contact with the oil pipe is blocked by the oil pipe and extrudes a connecting spring to be close to the clamping plate, and the extruded connecting spring exerts pressure on a pressure sensor; the pressure sensor can detect the clamping force applied to the oil pipe by the clamping block, so that an operator can conveniently and accurately adjust the clamping force of the oil pipe according to a pressure value transmitted to detection equipment by the pressure sensor, the stability of the oil pipe is ensured, meanwhile, the damage to the pipe body of the oil pipe due to the too large clamping force is avoided, and the working efficiency is improved. And a lot of time is not needed to repeatedly try, so that the working time is saved, and the working efficiency and the production progress are improved.