The invention provides a temperature experiment based fiber ring characteristics testing system, which is composed of a wide-spectrum light source for high-precision fiber gyroscope (1), a polarization-maintaining coupler (2), Y-shaped waveguides (3,4), a fiber ring to be tested (5), a quick temperature control testing box (6), high-sensitivity optical power meters (7,8,9), computer and software (10.11, 12) for data reception of computer serial port or GPIB port. The invention provides a fiber ring characteristics testing method without circuit matching based on temperature excitation experiment, which comprises: reflecting the influence of temperature change to optical signal polarization according to change of output power polarized by the Y-shaped waveguide, detecting symmetry of output signal at two ends of the fiber ring by a symmetric optical path, and detecting the influence of thermal nonreciprocal phase shift to interference effect. When applying the same testing device and testing method, the invention is capable of providing comparative index value with reliable quality of the fiber ring, and providing standard for selecting high-performance fiber ring.