The invention provides a distributed self-adaptive optical system based on optical fibers. The distributed self-adaptive optical system based on the optical fibers comprises an emitting laser, an optical fiber beam splitter, an optical fiber phase modulator, an optical fiber laser amplifier, a photoelectric detector, a three-port optical fiber circulator, a self-adaptive optical fiber collimator and coupler array, an integrated device, a multi-channel high-voltage amplifier, a wavefront controller as well as a beacon light source, a spectroscope and a far field target. The distributed self-adaptive optical system is based on the fiber laser technology in combination with a plurality of optical fiber devices, and is characterized in that a beacon light beam is divided by use of the self-adaptive optical fiber collimator and coupler array, the wavefront error of beacon light is measured in real time and the error is decomposed to each light sub-beam in a laser array, a piston for emitting the light sub-beams and a tilting phase are controlled independently and in parallel according to the principle of phase conjugation, and the influence of atmospheric turbulence effect on the quality of the light beam at the far field target is relieved. The distributed self-adaptive optical system based on the optical fibers has important application prospects in the fields such as laser atmospheric transmission, free space laser communication and laser radar.