The invention discloses a method and device for protecting a traction feeder line of a single-phase power-frequency alternating-current electrified railway. The device comprises a protection function module, an auxiliary function module, a measuring and controlling module, a locking module and a communicating module; wherein the protection function module comprises a four-section distance protection unit, a current quick-breaking protection unit, a low-voltage overcurrent protection unit, a high-resistance section I protection unit, a voltage-loss protection unit and the like; in addition, the auxiliary function module comprises a broken-line alarm unit, a fault ranging unit, a harmonic analysis unit, a load analysis unit, a self-checking unit, a fault recording unit and a GPS (Global Position System) time synchronizing unit; in addition, the measuring and controlling module comprises a remote metering unit, a remote signaling unit and a remote controlling unit; in addition, the locking module comprises an opening/closing locking unit and a locking reclosing unit; in addition, the communicating module comprises an RS485 interface, a selectable FDKBUS, an optical fiber FDKBUS and an Ethernet interface; in addition, a method for the four-section distance protection unit to recognize faults comprises the steps of: data preprocessing, network training and parameter generating, comprehensive judging and outputting.