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143results about "Electric circuits" patented technology

Machining method for high-aspect-ratio model part of ultra-high strength steel for wind tunnel test

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of aerospace, and provides a machining method for high-aspect-ratio model part of ultra-high strength steel for wind tunnel test. The machining method includes the following steps: a) selecting a material; b) performing preliminary treatment, such as forging and solid solution heat treatment, on the material; c) performing rough milling to obtain a wing main body profile, process reference blocks, and grooves and holes with large sizes on a molded surface; d) performing finish milling on all machining features of a wing main body; e) removing all process reference blocks except the first process reference block; f) performing aging treatment when the wing main body is lifted; h) removing a process reference block at a wing main body root; and h) performing shaping treatment on the wing main body.
Owner:CHENGDU KAIDI SEIKO TECH CO LTD

Underwater discharge processing system and method for radiation environment

The invention provides an under-water discharge machining system and method for a radiation environment. The under-water discharge machining system comprises a pulse power supply control system, an electric spark machining head device and a servo control system. The pulse power supply control system comprises a power supply control box, a rectifier and a power amplifier which are electrically connected in sequence. And the power amplifier is electrically connected with the servo control system and the electric spark machining head device. The electric spark machining head device is provided with a feedback signal wiring connected to the servo control system. The pulse power supply control system is matched with the servo control system to drive the electric discharge machining head device to guarantee the process of the workpiece to be machined, so that the problem that conventional electric discharge machining equipment cannot be used in the high-radiation and boron-containing water environment is solved.
Owner:CNNC NUCLEAR POWER OPERATION MANAGEMENT CO LTD

Intelligent regulation and control system and method for discharge energy of spark machine

The invention belongs to the technical field of machining and intelligent manufacturing, and particularly relates to an intelligent regulation and control system and method for discharge energy of a spark machine. Comprising a multi-mode gap state sensing module, a high-throughput data synchronous acquisition and preprocessing module, a discharge pulse real-time classification and feature extraction module, an LSTM-based gap state trajectory prediction module, a multi-target model prediction control module and a high-frequency pulse power supply execution module. By fusing the electrical parameters and the in-situ optical turbidity signal, multi-dimensional perception of the discharge state is realized, the future discharge trend is predicted by using an LSTM network, and an optimal pulse parameter combination is solved online by combining an MPC controller. By the adoption of the technical scheme, dynamic optimal balance of the material corrosion rate, the surface quality and the stability in the machining process can be achieved, and the overall machining benefit is improved.
Owner:DONGGUAN DALING MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL CO LTD

Control system and method of precise automatic multi-axis numerical control electric spark forming machine

The invention discloses a control system and method for a precise automatic multi-axis numerical control electric spark forming machine, and relates to the technical field of electric spark forming machines, and the system comprises a motion control module which is used for controlling an electrode of the electric spark forming machine to execute an open circuit discharge interface detection process to determine an initial interface, and controlling the electrode to be located on the initial interface; the flushing control module is used for responding to the detected initial interface, controlling the working solution to flow at a first speed in a first time interval and flow at a second speed in a second time interval after the first time interval to flush metal particles generated by the metal material, the first speed is larger than the second speed, and the first speed is larger than the second speed. The working fluid flows at a second speed; and the discharge detection module is used for determining the initial interface as an open-circuit discharge interface if the discharge of the electrode is detected in the second time interval in response to the end of the first time interval. According to the invention, the accuracy of determining the open-circuit discharge interface is improved.
Owner:NANTONG GEMEI IND CNC EQUIP CO LTD

A control system and method of a precision automatic multi-axis numerical control electric spark forming machine

The application discloses a kind of control system and method of precision automatic multi-axis numerical control electric spark forming machine, it is related to the technical field of electric spark forming machine, the system includes: motion control module, for controlling the initial interface of electrode execution open discharge interface detection process determination of electric spark forming machine, control electrode is located initial interface;Flushing control module, for responding to the initial interface detected, control working fluid flows at first speed in first time interval, and flows at second speed in second time interval after first time interval, flush the metal particle generated by metal material, first speed is greater than second speed, in open discharge interface detection process, working fluid flows at second speed;Discharge detection module, for responding to the end of first time interval, if detecting the discharge of electrode in second time interval, then initial interface is determined as open discharge interface.The application improves the accuracy of open discharge interface determination.
Owner:NANTONG GEMEI IND CNC EQUIP CO LTD

Wire electrical discharge machine, and control method for wire electrical discharge machine

A wire electrical discharge machine (10) comprises: a groove width calculation unit (30) which calculates the groove width of a machining groove (46); a display control unit (32) which causes a display unit (38) to display the machining groove (46), having the calculated groove width, along a machining path (44) obtained by adding an offset value to a programed path (42) defined by a machining program; and a contact point detection unit (34) which detects, in the machining groove (46) displayed along the machining path (44), a point at which a contact with the machining groove (46) occurs.
Owner:FANUC LTD

Passive bipolar movable mask electrochemical machining device and method for workpiece

PendingCN121402728AMachining electrodesMachining electric circuitsElectrolytic agentPower control system
The invention discloses a passive bipolar movable mask electrochemical machining device and method for a workpiece. The device comprises a power supply control system, an electrochemical machining system, a motion control system and an electrolyte circulating system, the electrochemical machining system is provided with a first electrochemical machining tank and a second electrochemical machining tank which are oppositely arranged, two electrodes are arranged in each electrochemical machining tank, and two movable masks are pressed and attached to the two faces of a workpiece to form a mask structure. The motion control system drives the two grooves to be closed or separated; the electrolyte circulating system forms flushing and sucking liquid circulation facing the surface of a workpiece through a flushing pipe and a liquid sucking pipe; the power supply control system intermittently switches the polarities of the two electrodes, so that charge distribution on the two sides of the workpiece is alternately changed, and passive bipolar electrochemical machining is realized; according to the method, photoresist is replaced by the movable mask, the process is simplified, the efficient liquid flushing and absorbing mode and the electrostatic induction machining mode are combined, the inter-electrode mass transfer and electric field uniformity are remarkably improved, and the machining efficiency, precision and depth-diameter ratio are improved.
Owner:ZHEJIANG UNIV OF TECH

Numerical control devices and computer-readable storage media

A numerical control device for controlling electrical discharge machining (EDM) includes: a program path generation unit that parses a machining program consisting of multiple machining steps including roughing, semi-finishing, and final finishing to generate program paths for each machining step; a machining condition storage unit that stores multiple machining conditions suitable for machining steps and at least one machining condition suitable for unmachined portions; and a machining condition modification unit that, when unmachined portions are generated in a previous machining step, modifies the machining conditions of the current machining step to machining conditions suitable for the unmachined portions.
Owner:FANUC LTD

Wire electrical discharge machine, threshold value determination device, and threshold value determination method

Provided is a wire electrical discharge machine (10) which, when a voltage (V) between a wire electrode (18) and a workpiece (W) is lower than a threshold value (VTH), determines that the wire electrode (18) and the workpiece (W) have come into contact with each other. The wire electrical discharge machine (10) comprises: an acquisition unit (34) that acquires a set value (44) for a factor that fluctuates the voltage (V) between the wire electrode (18) and the workpiece (W); and a threshold value determination unit (36) that calculates the threshold value (VTH), on the basis of a reference value (32) of the factor and the acquired set value (44).
Owner:FANUC LTD

System and method for characterizing an electrical discharge drilling process using ultrasound

Systems (10) and methods for characterizing an electrical discharge drilling process using ultrasound are provided. The characterization of the electrical discharge drilling process facilitates estimating cycle times and electrode (18) consumptions for future electrical discharge drilling tasks. An electrical discharge drilling machine includes a base (14) for supporting a workpiece (16), an electrode (18) operable to drill a hole (20) in the workpiece (16) using an electrical discharge, and an ultrasonic probe (30) installed on the base (14) and oriented toward the workpiece (16) when the workpiece (16) is supported by the base (14).
Owner:PRATT & WHITNEY CANADA CORP

Special material machining control method and system for electric spark machine tool

The invention discloses an electric spark machine tool special material machining control method and system, and relates to the technical field of linkage control, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the multi-axis linkage discharge parameter optimization of an electric spark linear cutting machine tool, and obtaining the multi-axis linkage discharge parameter optimization data; according to the multi-axis linkage discharge parameter optimization data, performing multi-axis cooperative motion trajectory planning to obtain multi-axis cooperative motion trajectory data; carrying out real-time discharge energy dynamic adjustment on the wire cut electrical discharge machining tool according to the multi-axis cooperative motion track data and the material discharge coefficient matching data to obtain discharge energy adjustment data, and carrying out multi-axis linkage precision compensation control based on the discharge energy adjustment data to obtain multi-axis linkage precision compensation data; and building a machining process stability evaluation model based on the multi-axis linkage precision compensation data to obtain the machining process stability evaluation model, and integrating the machining process stability evaluation model to the wire cut electrical discharge machining machine tool to execute multi-axis linkage control. The method has the effect of improving the linkage control efficiency.
Owner:SUZHOU CHUYIJIE TECH CO LTD +1

Program generation device and program generation method

An aspect of the present disclosure is a program generation device that generates a machining program, the program generation device comprising: an acquisition unit that acquires a machining start point and a machining path; a determination unit that determines a connection element to which an approach path is to be connected and a waypoint through which the approach path is to pass; an approach path generation unit that generates the approach path going from the machining start point, through the waypoint, to the connection element; and a machining program generation unit that generates the machining program, wherein the approach path generation unit generates the approach path such that the direction of the approach path changes at the waypoint.
Owner:FANUC LTD

A bow and a method of processing the same

The present application relates to the technical field of tire manufacturing, and particularly relates to a segment and a processing method thereof, wherein the segment comprises a cover, a base, a middle sleeve insert ring, a plurality of sliding blocks and a plurality of bolts, one side of the cover is detachably connected with the inside of the middle sleeve insert ring through a part of the bolts, the bottom of the middle sleeve insert ring is detachably provided with the middle sleeve through a part of the bolts, the inside of each sliding block is lapped with a pattern block, and the segment comprises an electric spark cutting machine tool and a ring rolling machine, the electric spark cutting machine tool comprises an electrical module and a mechanical module, the electrical module comprises an image acquisition module, a data collection module, a discharge state prediction module and an upper computer control program module. The present application has the effects that the relationship between the spark characteristics and the discharge state is summarized based on the collected data, the processing state is accurately predicted and tracked, the discharge frequency and power are controlled in real time, the processing parameters are controlled, and the precision of the segment processing is improved.
Owner:山东盛世荣升机械制造有限公司

Method for electrical discharge machining

The invention relates to a method and device for electrical Wire electrical discharge machining method (WEDM) for forming a desired pattern on a workpiece by a WEDM machine tool, in which a preliminary voltage pulse is applied to a gap between a wire electrode and a workpiece, and in which, at the breakdown of said preliminary voltage pulse, a first machining discharge pulse is applied to the wire electrode.
Owner:AGIE CHARMILLES SA

A micro-hole electrospark machining method and system with online electrode trimming

A micro-hole EDM method and system with online electrode trimming is described. During the machining process of a workpiece by a tool electrode, the tool electrode performs machining in multiple continuous cycles. Each cycle consists of a normal forward machining period and a reverse trimming period. The normal forward machining period consists of multiple positive pulses. During the normal forward machining period, a positive pulse voltage is applied to the workpiece and the tool electrode, directed from the workpiece toward the tool electrode, causing electrical discharge machining (EDM) on the workpiece. The reverse trimming period consists of multiple reverse pulses. During the reverse trimming period, a reverse pulse voltage is applied to the tool electrode and the workpiece, directed from the tool electrode toward the workpiece, causing electrical discharge trimming of the tool electrode. A control module switches between the positive and reverse pulse voltages. This solution can improve the efficiency, quality, and consistency of micro-hole EDM.
Owner:SUZHOU ELECTROMACHINING MASCH TOOL RES INST CO LTD

Adjustable machining parameters electrical discharge machining apparatus and electrical discharge machining method

This invention relates to an adjustable electrical discharge machining (EDM) apparatus and method, comprising a stage and an EDM unit. The stage is used to place a workpiece with a defined processing target area. The EDM unit's discharge electrode cuts the processing target area of ​​the workpiece along a first cutting direction using at least one processing parameter. The processing parameter is adjusted according to changes in a specified parameter of the workpiece to a first value, thereby using the adjusted processing parameter to perform a second cutting step on the processing target area of ​​the workpiece. This invention proposes a segmented cutting technique, which can solve the problem of cutting speed (mm) caused by changes in specified EDM cutting parameters. 2 The problem of slowing down ( / min) and increasing the total cutting time.
Owner:HIGHLIGHT TECH CORP

Broken wire position estimation device and broken wire position estimation method

The wire breakage location estimation device (58) includes: a torque acquisition unit (70) that acquires the torque (Tq) of the winding motor (52); a determination unit (72) that determines whether the rear end (12a) of the wire electrode (12) has passed the winding roller (48); and a rotation angle acquisition unit (74) that acquires the rotation angle (A) of the winding motor (52). RO ); and a wire breakage location estimation unit (76), which determines the rotation angle (A) from the wire electrode (12) breakage to the point where the rear end (12a) passes through the winding roller (48). RO ), estimating the breakage location of the line electrode (12) (P BR ).
Owner:FANUC LTD

Solar cell assembly

To provide a solar cell assembly.SOLUTION: A solar cell assembly includes first, second, and third solar cell units connected in series. Each solar cell unit includes two solar cell series bodies connected in parallel, bypass diodes connected in parallel to the two solar cell series bodies, and a junction box that houses the bypass diodes. Each junction box is located on the centerline of the solar cell assembly, with one junction box located in the center of the solar cell assembly and the other two junction boxes located closer to the ends of the solar cell assembly than the first junction box.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2a
Owner:REC SOLAR PTE LTD

Intelligent open-phase and phase sequence detection system for linear cutting stepping motor

The invention discloses an intelligent open-phase and phase sequence detection system for a linear cutting stepping motor, and the system comprises an MCU controller, an optocoupler isolation module, a sampling resistor, a control MOS tube drive module, and a relay module which are all integrated in an MCU control board, and the MCU controller is used for sampling an input signal and determining whether the input signal is open-phase through a logic algorithm. The MCU outputs a controlled PWM pulse signal consistent with the input signal to control the MOS tube to drive the stepping motor coil to work, a current signal of the motor coil is sampled and converted into a voltage signal at the same time, whether the stepping motor coil is open in phase or not is judged through a logical algorithm, and once the stepping motor coil is open in phase, a power supply of the stepping motor is immediately switched off, a fault is indicated, and it is guaranteed that a workpiece is not damaged.
Owner:HANGZHOU XINGWEIXING TECH CO LTD

Generator for generating processing pulses at the electrode gap of a device for the electrochemical processing of workpieces

A generator for generating processing pulses at the electrode gap (3) of a device for electrochemically machining workpieces (1), comprising a power supply device (7) and switching devices (9) for pulse-wise connection of the power supply device (7) to connecting cables (5, 6) that are led to the electrode gap (3), with a circuit (8, 9, 13, 15) for increasing the steepness of the edges (25, 27) of current pulses flowing through the electrode gap (3) by recuperating field energy stored in the connecting cables (5, 6) during the pulses, wherein the circuit (8, 9, 13, 15) is provided for recuperating field energy stored as a result of the inductance (10) of the connecting cables (5, 6) and for recuperating the field energy by charging a capacitor (13) by a current that the inductance (10) generates after the connecting cables (5, 6) have been separated from the power supply device (7) by the switching device (9). and the circuit (8,9,13,15) comprises a diode (8) preventing the discharge of the capacitor (13) via the power supply device (7), characterized in that the connecting cables (5, 6), the power supply device (7), the capacitor (13) and the diode (8) are connected in series in such a way that they are arranged on a common current path at least for the current flowing during the recuperation of the field energy stored in the connecting cables (5, 6).
Owner:PEMTEC

A method for controlling the rate of change of current in an electric spark pulse power supply

This invention provides a method for controlling the rate of change of current in an electrical discharge pulse power supply. The electrical discharge pulse power supply includes a high-voltage breakdown circuit for gap breakdown machining in electrical discharge processing, a constant current source circuit for controlling the peak current of the pulse discharge, and a current waveform control circuit for controlling the rate of change of current at the leading and trailing edges of the output current waveform. The pulse power supply of this invention adopts an energy-saving design, eliminating power consumption and heat dissipation problems caused by current-limiting resistors in traditional power supplies. It meets different needs in actual processing and has better market applicability. It can effectively control the output current waveform to rise and fall at a certain slope, increasing the variety of output current waveforms, resulting in high processing efficiency and low electrode loss, thus meeting different processing requirements in actual production.
Owner:BEIJING MASCH TOOL INST PRECISION MECHATRONICS CO LTD

Determination device and control device

A determination device (20) comprises: a display unit (80) that displays machining parameters (PX, PY, PZ) which an electrical discharge machine (10) uses for machining; a table (100) in which a plurality of types of environment parameters are associated with each of the plurality of machining parameters; an acquisition unit (92) that acquires a plurality of types of machining environment information (52) measured by the electrical discharge machine; a determination unit (94) that determines whether at least one of the machining parameters is appropriate for the machining environment of the electrical discharge machine; and a display control unit (96) that controls the display unit and causes the at least one machining parameter to be displayed in an identifiable manner.
Owner:FANUC LTD

System and method for constructing an electrochemical discharge machining process

The application relates to a construction system and method of an electrochemical discharge machining process, wherein the system comprises: a workpiece spindle for clamping a target workpiece; an electrolyte tank for containing electrolyte; a control module for controlling the rotation of the workpiece spindle to make the surface of the target workpiece adhere to a stable electrolyte film when being drawn away from the electrolyte surface during the machining of the target workpiece; an adjusting module for adjusting the rotating speed of the workpiece spindle or the relative distance between the target workpiece and the electrolyte surface; a detection module for detecting the thickness of the electrolyte film adhered to the surface of the target workpiece and detecting the electrochemical discharge spark state under each electrolyte film thickness; and a construction module for generating a thickness variation law and a discharge variation law to construct a corresponding electrochemical discharge machining rotary workpiece process in combination with the thickness variation law and the discharge variation law. Thus, the technical problems that the application range is limited, the conflict between the machining process and the actual process demand is difficult to balance, it is difficult to form a stable electrolyte film on the surface of the workpiece, and the liquid film thickness on the surface of the workpiece is difficult to accurately control in the related art are solved.
Owner:TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY

Workpiece processing method, device, equipment and medium

The invention relates to the technical field of mold machining, and discloses a workpiece processing method, device and equipment and a medium. The method comprises the steps that a discharge plan is obtained, and the electrode number of each discharge electrode in each electrode set needing to be used in the discharge plan is determined; according to the numbers of all the electrodes, determining fine discharge electrodes in each electrode group and the number of the fine discharge electrodes, and according to the number of the electrodes, detecting whether the fine discharge electrodes needing segment reservation exist in each electrode group or not; when it is detected that a fine discharge electrode needing segment reservation exists in at least one electrode set, program updating is conducted on the discharge equipment according to the type of the discharge equipment, and an updating program corresponding to the discharge equipment is obtained; and processing the workpiece to be processed according to the update program corresponding to the discharge equipment associated with all the fine discharge electrodes reserved at the required segment position to obtain a target workpiece. According to the method, segment reservation is added in the discharge plan, so that the discharge program is updated, and the discharge machining efficiency is improved.
Owner:深圳模德宝科技有限公司

Method for determining pulse electrochemical machining nonlinear dynamic characteristic parameter mapping relation

PendingCN120962023AMachining electric circuitsElectric circuitsElectrolysisLinear regression
The invention discloses a method for determining a pulse electrochemical machining non-linear dynamic characteristic parameter mapping relation, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a current density time sequence of a workpiece in a pulse electrochemical machining process and surface topography data of the workpiece after the pulse electrochemical machining is completed, performing non-linear dynamic analysis on the surface topography data, and determining a pulse electrochemical machining non-linear dynamic characteristic parameter mapping relation. Obtaining a first workpiece surface space heterogeneous recursive entropy; performing nonlinear kinetic analysis on the current density time sequence to obtain a first current density heterogeneous recursive entropy; and establishing a linear regression relationship according to the first current density heterogeneous recursive entropy and the first workpiece surface space heterogeneous recursive entropy, and obtaining a corresponding relationship between the current density and the workpiece surface microstructure. Based on this, a linear regression relationship is established between the current density and the surface topography data, the surface quality of the workpiece after machining under the current parameters can be predicted in real time only according to the current density signal, and off-line measurement does not need to be carried out after machining is completed.
Owner:HUNAN UNIV OF TECH

Component manufacturing using electrochemical machining

The present invention relates to a method for simulating the manufacturing of a component, in particular comprising at least one blade (8.1) and / or a blade carrier (8) of a gas turbine, by means of electrochemical machining, wherein the method comprises the step of: providing input parameters (S10; S10'), and the, in particular repeated, sequence of steps: calculating (S20; S20') an electrochemical machining operation based on the provided input parameters; and calculating (S30; S30') a component geometry based on this electrochemical machining operation. The invention further relates to a method for manufacturing a component by means of electrochemical machining, a method for manufacturing a cathode for this manufacturing of a component, a method for designing the manufacturing of the component, and a system or computer program (product).
Owner:MTU AERO ENGINES GMBH

Electric spark discharge machining abnormal discharge current detection method and device

The invention relates to an abnormal discharge current detection method and device for electric spark discharge machining, and is applied to the technical field of discharge machining. A direct current-direct current power supply module is adopted as a current detection core element, has a stable voltage output characteristic and is sensitive to current fluctuation response, and a traditional Hall sensor is replaced; the problem of high-precision detection of small current in a strong electromagnetic interference environment is successfully solved; on the basis of current rising edge characteristic differences of abnormal discharge and normal discharge, two key time points are selected for voltage comparison, abnormal states such as excessive arc, arc, short circuit and micro open circuit can be accurately distinguished, and missed judgment and misjudgment are avoided; a reference value lookup table corresponding to different peak currents is established through experimental calibration to adapt to various medium and finish machining parameter scenes; and the detection branch adopts the design of an isolation diode and a current-limiting resistor, and is matched with pulse-type intermittent measurement of a controlled switch tube, so that shunting interference on a main discharge loop is avoided, and the stability of the processing process is ensured.
Owner:ZHUHAI HERUI NEW TECH CO LTD

Micromixer tube repair EDM electrodes, systems, and methods

A tool electrode for an EDM system for repairing a micromixer tube of a combustor, an EDM system, and a related method are provided. The tool electrode includes an elongated member; and a disk having a first side, a second side, an opening in a center thereof, and a slot extending from the first side to the second side and from the opening to an outer periphery of the disk. An elongate member is coupled to the disc and extends from a first side of the disc through the opening and beyond a second side of the disc. The discs are used to remove damaged end portions of the micromixer tubes from within the tube without debris damaging the tubes or cutting tools damaging other tubes in a set of micromixer tubes.
Owner:GENERAL ELECTRIC TECH GMBH

Massive PCD / PCBN cutting tool tip with coolant through-hole(s) and method for their manufacture

The solid PCD / PCBN cutting tool tip with coolant through-holes of this invention is made of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) and contains 1-3 coolant holes. The manufacturing process begins with the preparation of part A, which is formed from PCD or PCBN. To improve its electrical conductivity, part A is joined to part B, a conductive material such as cemented carbide or steel, by brazing with a silver solder paste. Subsequently, the coolant holes in the brazed assembly of part A and part B are formed using a high-voltage electrical discharge machining (EDM) machine. After drilling, parts A and B are separated by heating to a temperature of 650 °C or higher. In the final step, part A (now with through-holes) is brazed onto a cemented carbide shank that already contains matching holes to ensure the alignment of the coolant channels.
Owner:HALCYON TECH PUBLIC CO LTD

Electrolytic method and split electrolytic apparatus based on machine tool programmable control system

ActiveCN119426735BMachining electric circuitsElectric circuitsElectrolytic agentControl system
This invention relates to the technical fields of human-machine interaction and machine tool programmable control systems in electrolytic machining applications. It provides an electrolytic method and a split-type electrolytic equipment based on a machine tool programmable control system. By configuring three positive and negative pulse combinations corresponding to different electrolyte states and workpiece machining complexities, and selecting one of the three positive and negative pulse combinations that is suitable for the electrolyte state and workpiece machining complexity, the first and second electrolytic machine tools are controlled to perform electrolytic machining on workpieces at multiple stations. This enables the configuration and selection of the three positive and negative pulse combination types, improving the intelligence level and stability of workpiece electrolytic machining.
Owner:SHENZHEN XINGHONG PRECISION ELECTROLYSIS TECH CO LTD