524 results about "Pulse power supply" patented technology

The invention discloses a multi-discharge efficient precision machining device and method for a milling cutter. The multi-discharge efficient precision machining device comprises a high-precision machining tool, an electric spark machining pulse power supply, a discharge monitoring device and a detection device. The high-precision machining machine tool comprises an electric spark machining machine tool, a spindle, a grinding wheel, a workbench and a machine tool body. The main shaft supports accurate movement in three directions; stable and controllable pulse current and voltage are output through the electric spark machining pulse power supply; a voltage probe and a current probe are arranged on the discharge monitoring device, and discharge voltage and current data are collected in real time through the voltage probe and the current probe; the detection device comprises a non-contact optical measuring instrument, the abrasion of the grinding wheel is monitored through the non-contact optical measuring instrument, meanwhile, the machining allowance of the milling cutter blank placed on the workbench and the size precision after finish machining are measured, and the surface quality of the milling cutter is detected; the machining precision and efficiency of the milling cutter are improved, and efficient precision machining of the milling cutter is achieved.

The invention discloses a data processing method and system for a precise automatic multi-axis numerical control electric spark forming machine, and the method comprises the steps: mapping preprocessed data into a digital twin model for fusion analysis, and extracting fusion features including instantaneous energy density, an effective machining angle, a thermal error compensation amount and a chip removal efficiency evaluation value; based on the fused feature data, performing real-time state evaluation and future discharge trend prediction by using a LightGBM neural network model, and outputting a processing prediction result; and a multi-target optimization function is established, an improved NSGA-II algorithm is utilized to carry out rapid optimization search by taking the current processing parameters as an initial population, a multi-axis cooperative motion instruction is generated, and the multi-axis cooperative motion instruction is transmitted to a multi-axis motion control module and a pulse power supply module to be executed. And the processing stability and reliability are improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of machine manufacturing, and particularly relates to a metal part discharge machining precision control method and system.The method comprises the steps that discharge gap multi-dimensional physical parameters are sensed in real time in a multi-modal mode, high-dimensional feature extraction and data fusion are carried out, an intelligent discharge state prediction model is constructed, and on the basis of a prediction result, a metal part discharge machining precision control system is obtained. And processing parameters such as a pulse power supply, servo feeding and dielectric liquid are adjusted in an ultra-fast and self-adaptive mode, and iterative optimization of the processing process is achieved. By the adoption of the technical scheme, the machining precision, the surface quality and the consistency of the metal part can be remarkably improved, electrode loss is reduced, and the machining efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to the field of sintering machine head electrostatic dust collection, and provides a sintering machine head electrostatic dust collection system which comprises an airflow homogenization unit, an electric field dust collection unit, a high-frequency pulse power supply unit, an intelligent control unit and a dust concentration detector. The airflow homogenization unit is arranged in front of the electric field dust removal unit; the high-frequency pulse power supply unit is in signal connection with the electric field dedusting unit; the intelligent control unit is in signal connection with the electric field dedusting unit and used for controlling the voltage of the electric field dedusting unit; the dust concentration detector is arranged at the outlet position of the electric field dust removal unit, and is used for detecting the outlet dust concentration of the flue gas at the outlet position of the electric field dust removal unit and sending the outlet dust concentration to the intelligent control unit; the intelligent control unit is in signal connection with the high-frequency pulse power supply unit, and when the outlet dust concentration is larger than 20 mg / Nm, the pulse mode of the high-frequency pulse unit is activated, the invention further provides an electrostatic dust collection method for the sintering machine head, and the effect of improving the electrostatic dust collection efficiency and effect is achieved.

The invention discloses a pulse electrochemical reactor control method for treating complex water in an oil and gas field, which is applied to a control system comprising a pulse power supply, a pulse electrochemical reactor and a controller, an electrode system is arranged in the pulse electrochemical reactor, and during the operation period of the pulse electrochemical reactor, the pulse electrochemical reactor is connected with the controller. Periodically interrupting the treatment pulse applied to the electrode system, controlling the pulse power supply to apply a preset alternating current disturbance signal to the electrode system, and collecting an electrochemical response signal fed back by the electrode system; based on the parameters of the alternating current disturbance signal and the parameters of the electrochemical response signal. By monitoring the electrochemical state of an electrode interface in real time and dynamically adjusting pulse parameters and adaptive water quality changes, efficient and stable operation of the reactor is realized; the technical problems of dynamic response lag, insufficient control precision and shortened equipment service life caused by static parameter setting in a pulse electrochemical reactor control method in the prior art are effectively solved.

An enhanced lighting control system is provided that utilizes updated communications technology to provide a cost and resource efficient lighting control system that allows for a retrofit installation into existing lighting systems. The lighting control system utilizes single pair ethernet connection protocols, as well as a pulsed power source, to enable the efficiencies.

The invention relates to a multi-level pulse power supply and semiconductor process equipment. The multi-level pulse power supply comprises a high-frequency isolation conversion module and a switch module, wherein the high-frequency isolation conversion module is electrically connected with the switch module; the high-frequency isolation conversion module is used for accessing a direct-current bus voltage and performing voltage conversion processing on the direct-current bus voltage to generate a plurality of pre-processing voltages; and the switch module is used for responding to an externally input control signal and switching the state of the switch module so as to perform voltage amplitude modulation based on the plurality of pre-processing voltages and output a target voltage. The multi-level pulse power supply can output multi-level pulses.

The invention discloses a high-fidelity power pulse sound source for ship noise simulation and a control method thereof, the high-fidelity power pulse sound source comprises an electromagnetic transducer and a driving circuit thereof, the driving circuit of the electromagnetic transducer comprises an element for actively controlling the charging current of an energy storage capacitor and a bipolar Marx circuit for generating bipolar power pulses, the working modes comprise a bipolar pulse output mode and a power amplifier output mode. The invention also provides a circuit control method required by ship noise simulation. According to the high-fidelity power pulse sound source for ship noise simulation and the control method of the high-fidelity power pulse sound source, accurate injection and extraction of current in an electromagnetic transducer coil are achieved, and then the transducer is accurately controlled to output sound waves; the two working modes of bipolar pulse output and power amplifier output simulate a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum in ship noise respectively, and finally, a neural network used for generating a pulse power supply trigger signal is trained based on a cyclic gating unit, so that high-fidelity ship noise simulation is realized.

The invention provides an under-water discharge machining system and method for a radiation environment. The under-water discharge machining system comprises a pulse power supply control system, an electric spark machining head device and a servo control system. The pulse power supply control system comprises a power supply control box, a rectifier and a power amplifier which are electrically connected in sequence. And the power amplifier is electrically connected with the servo control system and the electric spark machining head device. The electric spark machining head device is provided with a feedback signal wiring connected to the servo control system. The pulse power supply control system is matched with the servo control system to drive the electric discharge machining head device to guarantee the process of the workpiece to be machined, so that the problem that conventional electric discharge machining equipment cannot be used in the high-radiation and boron-containing water environment is solved.

The invention discloses a silicon carbide MOSFET parallel current sharing system and method for a pulse power supply, and belongs to the technical field of SiC MOSFET parallel current sharing, the system comprises a main power circuit connected with a plurality of SiC MOSFETs in parallel and an active driving circuit, when the SiC MOSFETs are turned on, a source inductor generates an induced voltage in direct proportion to the current rising rate, and when the SiC MOSFETs are turned on, the active driving circuit drives the main power circuit to rotate; current sharing when a plurality of SiC MOSFETs are connected in parallel is realized through an in-phase amplification circuit used for detecting and amplifying an induced voltage, a differential amplification circuit used for detecting and comparing an induced voltage value, and a proportional current source circuit is controlled to extract a SiC MOSFET gate drive current. By adopting the method, the unbalanced current can be suppressed, the balance of the current flowing through each branch of the parallel SiC MOSFETs is ensured, the SiC MOSFET device in the high-voltage pulse power supply is effectively protected, and the working reliability of the circuit is improved.

The invention relates to a degaussing power supply control method, system and equipment based on a flywheel energy storage device, and belongs to the technical field of pulse power supply design. The system comprises a power grid side rectifier, a four-quadrant DC / DC converter, a flywheel side converter, a bidirectional DC / DC converter and a centralized console. The power grid side rectifier is controlled according to a constant power mode; the four-quadrant DC / DC converter is used for controlling the waveform of the current of the degaussing coil and limiting the power of the degaussing coil; the flywheel side converter charges and discharges the flywheel motor according to the power of the degaussing coil; the bidirectional DC / DC converter is used for maintaining the voltage of the DC bus to be constant; the centralized console is responsible for monitoring the states of different converters and issuing a control instruction. The power and voltage output of each converter can be coordinated, the pulse current output requirement of the degaussing coil is met, the safe and stable operation of the power supply system is ensured, and the popularization and application are easy.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of pulse power supplies, and particularly discloses a pulse power supply circuit, which comprises a power supply input module, a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal input module, a feedback control module, a control chip and an output module, the power input module provides working power for the control chip and the whole circuit. The PWM signal input module is used for transmitting an external PWM signal to a signal input pin of the control chip; the feedback control module collects an electric signal in the circuit and transmits a processed feedback signal to the control chip; the control chip drives the output module to output a pulse power supply to provide electric energy for a load based on an input PWM signal and a feedback signal. According to the utility model, the feedback signal acquired by the feedback control module is compared with the reference voltage, the difference value is amplified, the control chip adjusts the duty ratio of the PWM signal according to the amplified error signal, the pulse waveform is effectively optimized, and the output stability and reliability of the pulse power supply are improved.

The invention provides a preparation device and a preparation method of a multi-layer heterogeneous metal coating material, and relates to the technical field of metal composite material preparation. Under the action of a drawing current loop in the electroplastic drawing unit, the composite coated metal wire is subjected to electroplastic drawing by a plurality of groups of drawing dies, the drawn composite coated metal wire enters the heat treatment unit, the composite coated metal wire is subjected to heat treatment under the action of a heat treatment current loop, and a finished product of the composite coated metal wire is formed. The drawing pulse power supply and the metal wire form a current loop, the plasticity of the metal wire can be improved by the drawing pulse current in the drawing process, so that the drawing force required by the metal wire is reduced, and meanwhile, the heat treatment unit applies the heat treatment pulse power supply to carry out online electric pulse heat treatment on the metal wire. The coating metal and the core metal form high-strength metallurgical bonding, and the performance of the metal coating material is effectively improved.

The invention relates to a material dynamic mechanical property testing technology, in particular to an impact mechanical loading device and method based on a locked-rotor test of an electromagnetic coil emitter, and the device comprises a pulse power supply module, an electromagnetic loading module, a constraint fixing module and a measurement and control system. Capacitor charging voltage is set through an upper computer, a control switch is switched on to discharge an electromagnetic loading module to generate pulse current, and an electromagnetic coil generates a pulse magnetic field to enable a conductor armature to induce eddy current to generate axial electromagnetic force; the position of the armature is rigidly restrained to form locked rotor, impact electromagnetic force is directly loaded to a sample through an impact head to form impact stress, and dynamic response, fatigue damage and aging accumulation experiments of materials are carried out by monitoring the working performance of a monitoring device such as voltage, current and impact force. The device has the advantages of being small in size, flexible and adjustable in impact stress wavelength and amplitude, high in efficiency and the like, and the problems that a traditional mechanical impact device is large in size, the impact stress pulse width is not easy to regulate and control, and the test efficiency is low are solved.

The application discloses a kind of multi-tool integral blade disc pulsation precision electrolytic processing methods, it is related to electrolytic processing technical field, comprising the following steps: step one, design and install tool cathode, complete the design of blade pan cathode and blade back cathode, blade pan cathode and blade back cathode are installed on blade pan tool disc and blade back tool disc;Step two, tool setting, through blade pan feeding device drive blade pan tool disc rotates clockwise around integral blade disc axial;Through blade back feeding device drive blade back tool disc rotates counterclockwise around integral blade disc axial;Step three, multi-blade profile pulsation state electrolytic processing, positive pole of pulse power supply is integral blade disc power supply, negative pole of pulse power supply is blade pan cathode and blade back cathode power supply, set electrolytic processing parameter, electrolyte is passed in, blade back cathode and blade pan cathode are fed to blade;Step four, tool setting is withdrawn and integral blade disc is indexed, when a group of blades processing is finished, enter the processing of next group of blade profile.The application can provide integral blade disc processing efficiency.

The embodiment of the invention discloses an intermittent power supply control circuit and an energy storage power supply thereof. The circuit comprises a power supply module; the pulse power supply module is conducted when a first charging voltage which is received and generated based on the power supply voltage is smaller than a first preset voltage, and transmits the power supply voltage to the enabling control module; closing when the first charging voltage is greater than or equal to a first preset voltage; the enabling control module is used for generating a second charging voltage based on the power supply voltage and outputting a control signal when the second charging voltage is greater than or equal to a second preset voltage; stopping outputting the control signal when the second charging voltage is smaller than the second preset voltage; and the control module is used for driving the power supply module to output power supply voltage when the control signal is not received and stopping driving when the control signal is received. By means of the mode, on the premise that the parallel operation function is normal, hiccup intermittent power supply of the energy storage power supply in the non-parallel operation state can be achieved, electricity consumption in the standby state is reduced, and the electricity utilization rate is increased.

The invention relates to the technical field of nanotechnology, and discloses a high-concentration nitrogen nanobubble generation method based on multi-mechanism synergy, which comprises the following steps of: simultaneously applying a multi-stage vortex for generating turbulent flow and shearing force and periodically pressurizing and depressurizing the inside of a cavity to a water sample of supersaturated dissolved nitrogen flowing into the cavity, and in the process of reducing the pressure in the cavity, a pulse electric field which is synchronous with the frequency and the phase of the periodic pressure increasing and reducing is applied, and coalescence between interfaces of the continuously generated initial nanobubbles is inhibited through the pulse electric field. A pressure oscillation cavity of the device is provided with a water sample input port and a target concentration nitrogen nanobubble water sample output port, a multi-stage eddy current system for generating turbulent flow is fixedly arranged in the cavity, a pressure adjusting system capable of forming periodic pressure oscillation is communicated with the outside of the cavity, and an electric field generating system containing a relative electrode and a pulse power supply is arranged in the cavity. And the self-adaptive control unit monitors the pressure oscillation frequency and phase in real time and controls the pulse power supply to output a synchronous pulse electric field in a voltage reduction stage.

The invention discloses a CDC solenoid valve shock absorber driving controller system comprising a power supply module used for supplying power to the system; the main controller is connected with the power supply module and is used for outputting a PWM control signal according to the target current set value; the grid driving module is connected with the main controller and is used for boosting the PWM control signal to a driving level; the power conversion module is connected with the gate driving module and is used for generating a pulse power supply according to the boosted PWM control signal; the current acquisition module is connected between the power conversion module and the CDC electromagnetic valve shock absorber and is used for acquiring loop current in real time and feeding back a digital current signal; and the main controller corrects the duty ratio of the PWM control signal according to the digital current signal to form a closed-loop current control link. According to the method, the loop current of the CDC electromagnetic valve shock absorber can be quickly, stably and accurately maintained at a target value, and the control precision and the dynamic response capability are remarkably improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of machining and intelligent manufacturing, and particularly relates to an intelligent regulation and control system and method for discharge energy of a spark machine. Comprising a multi-mode gap state sensing module, a high-throughput data synchronous acquisition and preprocessing module, a discharge pulse real-time classification and feature extraction module, an LSTM-based gap state trajectory prediction module, a multi-target model prediction control module and a high-frequency pulse power supply execution module. By fusing the electrical parameters and the in-situ optical turbidity signal, multi-dimensional perception of the discharge state is realized, the future discharge trend is predicted by using an LSTM network, and an optimal pulse parameter combination is solved online by combining an MPC controller. By the adoption of the technical scheme, dynamic optimal balance of the material corrosion rate, the surface quality and the stability in the machining process can be achieved, and the overall machining benefit is improved.

The invention discloses an energy feedback type pulse special power supply topology circuit, particularly relates to the technical field of power supply circuits, and is technically characterized in that a forward energy storage unit is used for outputting forward current to an external load coil and providing energy required by main compression for a field inversion configuration device; the current source unit is used for receiving and storing electric energy, providing bias current for an external load coil and creating bias conditions for the field inversion configuration device; the negative energy storage unit is used for outputting negative current to an external load coil and providing bias field energy for the field inversion configuration device; the charging unit is also used for charging the current source unit; the resonance unit is used for outputting resonance current to an external load coil and providing energy required by pre-ionization for the field inversion configuration device; the first bidirectional combination switch is used for controlling the on-off of the resonance unit; and the second bidirectional combination switch and the third bidirectional combination switch are used for controlling the positive on-off and negative on-off of the circuit.

1. Name of the product in this design: Pulse Power Supply. 2. Purpose of this design: This design is used to provide base voltage and pulse voltage for the load electric field. 3. The key design feature of this product is its shape. 4. The image or photograph that best illustrates the design's key points: 3D view 1.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pulse power supply performance index measurement and system calibration, and provides an accelerator injection pulse power supply dynamic performance measurement and in-situ calibration system and method. The system comprises a multi-branch parallel acquisition hardware layer which adopts a multi-branch parallel output structure, is equipped with a Hall sensor array and a standard sensor mounting position for calibration, and is connected with a data acquisition and processing system; an instrument channel and system level calibration module and a dynamic performance index measurement and calculation module are further arranged; according to the invention, the consistency of measurement data of multiple power supplies is ensured through a standardized calibration process; the output capability of the power supply is matched with a standard sensor to realize system-level in-situ calibration, so that the calibration efficiency and accuracy are improved; adopting a zero-phase filtering and waveform shift synchronization technology to accurately calculate waveform tracking precision and flat-topped stability; the shunt measurement Hall array structure adapts to the characteristics of a high-power pulse power supply, and the measurement accuracy and reliability are ensured.

The application belongs to the field of special composite machining, and more particularly relates to a waveguide laser electrolysis composite machining device and method, which comprises a laser, a CCD camera, a pulse power supply, and a reflector, a focusing mirror, a liquid supply system and a conductive nozzle arranged in sequence from top to bottom; the CCD camera is arranged above the reflector; the laser is arranged on one side of the reflector, and the emitted light is refracted by the reflector, then passes through the focusing mirror, the liquid supply system and the conductive nozzle in sequence, and irradiates on the surface of a part to be machined; the anode of the pulse power supply is connected to the part to be machined, and the cathode is connected to the conductive nozzle; the outer surface of the conductive nozzle is sleeved with a synchronous belt, and the conductive nozzle is connected to the driving shaft of a driving device through the synchronous belt. The application utilizes the difference in laser refractive index between the electrolyte and the low refractive layer to make the laser realize total reflection between the electrolyte and the low refractive layer, adopts an inert electrolyte, reduces the loss of laser energy in the propagation process, and realizes the maximization of laser energy.

The present invention discloses a laser interference and electrolysis collaborative processing system and a high aspect ratio micro-nano hole processing method, comprising a laser, an interference optical path system and an electrochemical processing system; the laser is used to generate and output a laser beam of specific power and frequency; the interference optical path system comprises a beam splitter, a half-wave plate, a polarizer, and a high-reflection mirror, the laser beam generated by the laser is split into at least two beams by the beam splitter, each laser beam is transmitted to the processed workpiece through the polarizer, half-wave plate and high-reflection mirror, forming a specific interference light field; the electrochemical processing system comprises a pulse power supply, an electrolyte and an electrolytic cell, the processed workpiece serves as an anode connected to the positive electrode of the pulse power supply, and transparent conductive glass serves as a cathode connected to the negative electrode of the pulse power supply, the processed workpiece and the transparent conductive glass are both located in the electrolyte of the electrolytic cell, and the gap between the transparent conductive glass and the processed workpiece ranges from 0.01 to 5 mm; the present invention provides new ideas and solutions for the manufacture of new structural and functional integrated materials.

The utility model discloses a pulse power supply with multiple protection functions, which comprises a rectification inverter circuit and a chopper circuit, the rectification inverter circuit inputs power frequency alternating current and outputs controllable direct current, and the chopper circuit inputs controllable direct current and outputs pulse current; the inverter control circuit controls and outputs a pulse width driving signal to the rectification inverter circuit according to the voltage control signal; the multi-protection circuit comprises at least two protection circuits, the output end of each protection circuit is connected with a forward diode and then outputs the voltage control signal, and the duty ratio of the pulse width driving signal is controlled to be zero according to the voltage control signal. The beneficial effects are that multiple protection can be carried out on the pulse power supply, and the multiple protection does not interfere with each other.

The invention relates to a submarine cable fault positioning method, device and equipment, a medium and a product. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a first moment when an ashore pulse power supply transmits pulse current to a submarine cable; acquiring a second moment when a sound signal generated by discharging of the pulse current at the submarine cable fault point reaches a shipborne underwater sound acquisition device; determining a first distance between the submarine cable fault point and the underwater sound acquisition device according to the first moment and the second moment; and determining the position of the submarine cable fault point according to the first distance. According to the application, the pulse current is generated to the submarine cable through the ashore pulse power supply, but the electromagnetic signal is not detected, but the sound signal emitted by the pulse current when the pulse current discharges at the submarine cable fault point is detected, that is, the accuracy and the reliability of the submarine cable fault point can be improved by adopting an acoustic-magnetic combination mode. Therefore, high-efficiency and high-precision submarine cable fault positioning can be realized in a marine environment without network signals.

1. Name of the product in this design: General Purpose Pulse Power Supply. 2. Purpose of this design: To integrate supercapacitor modules with general-purpose power supplies to achieve energy storage and power conversion. 3. The key design feature of this product is its shape. 4. The image or photograph that best illustrates the design's key points: 3D view 1.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a low-temperature plasma plating and permeating modified layer on the surface of a metal mold. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, precise pretreatment of a base body: sequentially carrying out mechanical grinding and polishing and ultrasonic cleaning on the base body, and then drying and putting the base body in a vacuum chamber; s2, plasma activation: after vacuumizing, introducing mixed gas of argon and hydrogen, generating glow discharge under the action of a pulse power supply, and performing sputtering activation on the surface of the substrate; s3, gradient transition layer plasma deposition is conducted, specifically, a pulse direct-current plasma source is adopted, a Ti target and a Cr target serve as sputtering sources, and a transition layer with components changing in a gradient mode is prepared; s4, plating and permeating a multi-element synergistic functional layer: preparing the functional layer by adopting a radio frequency-pulse direct-current composite plasma source, namely a Ti target, a Cr target, a Si-Al alloy target and a rare earth element target through synergistic sputtering; and S5, post-treatment optimization: performing vacuum cooling to room temperature after low-temperature annealing treatment to obtain a final modified layer. The permeation modified layer prepared by the method has high binding force, high hardness, high wear resistance and salt spray corrosion resistance.

The device comprises a pulse power supply, the negative electrode and the positive electrode of the pulse power supply are connected with a metal-based diamond composite material and a tool electrode respectively, the tool electrode or the metal-based diamond composite material is provided with an ultrasonic vibrator, and the ultrasonic vibrator is connected with the pulse power supply. And the ultrasonic vibrator is provided with an ultrasonic generator. According to the method, the distribution density of bubbles on the surface of the diamond is improved through the cathode surface hydrogen evolution process in the electrolysis process, controllable conditions are created for the ultrasonic cavitation effect, a tool electrode material is sputtered to the surface layer of the diamond due to electric spark discharge, a catalyst is provided, and the conversion efficiency of diamond graphitization is improved by integrating the two conditions. The surface layer of the diamond has electrical conductivity after being graphitized, so that the diamond has discharge machinability without the operation of plating metal and the like, and the implementation mode is simple.

Provided in the present application are a power module of a pulse power supply, a wafer carrier device, and semiconductor process equipment. The power module of a pulse power supply comprises: a board card (6) having a first board surface and a second board surface opposite each other; a power tube (7) arranged on the first board surface; a cooling device (8) which is arranged on a side facing the first board surface of the board card and is in thermally conductive connection with the power tube; a dissipative element (9) which is a surface-mounted element and is arranged on the first board surface and in thermally conductive connection with the cooling device; and a common-mode choke (10) arranged on the second board surface, wherein a secondary-side cable (103) of the common-mode choke (10) passes through the board card and is electrically connected to the dissipative element. In the structure, the common-mode choke, and the power tube and the cooling device are respectively located on two sides of the board card, such that the power module of a pulse power supply can have an optimized structural layout, and thus can be disposed in an internal space of semiconductor process equipment; the dissipative element that cooperates with the common-mode choke is a small-sized surface-mounted element, and can be disposed on the side where the cooling device is located and cooled by the cooling device, thereby avoiding EMI in the internal space of the semiconductor process equipment.