The invention relates to an optical fiber vibration sensor based on delay phase-modulated chirped pulse pairs. The sensor comprises a narrow linewidth laser, a first optical fiber coupler, an electro-optical modulator, an acousto-optic modulator, an optical amplifier, a second optical fiber coupler, a delay optical fiber, an optical fiber expansion device, a first Faraday rotator mirror, a secondFaraday rotator mirror, an annular device, a to-be-measured optical fiber, a third optical fiber coupler, a first polarization controller, a fourth optical fiber coupler, a second polarization controller, a fifth optical fiber coupler, a sixth optical fiber coupler, a first double-balance detector, a second double-balance detector, a first analog-to-digital converter, a second analog-to-digital converter, a first digital signal processing unit, a second digital signal processing unit and an arbitrary waveform generator. With the optical fiber vibration sensor adopted, the contradiction betweenspatial resolution and sensing distances in a traditional sensing system based on a time-domain reflectometer can be eradicated; the problem of interference attenuation in an interference sensing system can be solved; and indexes such as a long sensing distance, high spatial resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved simultaneously.