46 results about "Resistivity logging" patented technology

This invention discloses a method and related apparatus for calculating the skin factor of oil and gas wells based on resistivity logging. The method includes: acquiring resistivity logging data and well test skin factor data of the target formation in an oil and gas field; establishing a skin factor calculation model based on the resistivity logging data and well test skin factor data; and calculating the skin factor of the well to be logged in the oil and gas field based on the skin factor calculation model. This invention utilizes resistivity logging data and well test skin factor data of the target formation in an oil and gas field to establish a skin factor calculation model, and calculates the skin factor of the well to be logged in the oil and gas field based on this model. This provides more accurate production capacity prediction for the oil and gas field production and development field, and avoids the determination of various process parameters and the calculation process of complex skin factor models, effectively solving the problem of difficulty in determining the skin factor in actual production and development.

The invention relates to the technical field of equipment detection, and discloses an equipment measurement and detection method, system and equipment, and the method comprises the steps: utilizing logging equipment to synchronously measure a first resistivity measurement value, a second resistivity measurement value and a third resistivity measurement value of different depths of an underground stratum; calculating a well fluid invasion depth value according to the first resistivity measurement value, the second resistivity measurement value and the third resistivity measurement value; solving a real formation resistivity value based on the well fluid invasion depth value; and performing gradient distortion correction on the real formation resistivity value according to the well fluid conductivity and the formation water conductivity to obtain a formation resistivity detection result. According to the method, the accuracy, adaptability and reliability of well fluid invasion correction of the resistivity logging equipment are improved.

The invention discloses a formation pore pressure calculation method, system, equipment and medium, and the method comprises the steps: marking collected lithologic sections and geological stratification, and selecting at least one of collected seismic horizon velocity, density logging, acoustic logging and resistivity logging as sensitive parameters to establish a normal compaction trend line of a middle-shallow normal pressure section; a correction coefficient is adjusted by using the collected pressure measurement data, and finally, a traditional Eaton method formula is improved by using the adjusted correction coefficient, and a new formation pore pressure calculation formula is established; according to the method, the normal compaction trend line is fully utilized, the distortion of the normal compaction stratum is effectively inhibited while the abnormal pressure change is highlighted, the stability is better, the distortion is less, the pressure trend of the overlying stratum does not need to be calculated, parameters are few, the calculation efficiency is high, calculation can be carried out without logging data, the application range is wider, and the method is particularly suitable for low exploration areas without wells and with few wells.

The invention relates to the technical field of logging while drilling, and discloses a stratum simulation box for a lateral resistivity logging while drilling tool and a design method of the stratum simulation box. The design method comprises the following steps: determining an electrode structure of an azimuth electrode system of the lateral resistivity logging-while-drilling tool; determining a resistance network of the stratum simulation box based on an electrode structure and a working principle of the azimuth electrode system; according to the resistance network of the stratum simulation box and a working principle, determining a calculation scheme of each resistance parameter in the resistance network of the stratum simulation box; and determining each resistance value of the stratum simulation box resistance network under the typical stratum condition by utilizing a three-dimensional finite element program. The formation simulation box for the while-drilling lateral resistivity logging instrument is designed and generated through the method, various formations simulated by the formation simulation box can be measured by the while-drilling lateral resistivity logging instrument indoors, the working state of the instrument can be checked conveniently, and the instrument can be debugged, maintained and calibrated conveniently; and the time for repeatedly testing and verifying the performance of the instrument is greatly saved.

The application discloses a high-resistivity formation borehole correction method based on high-frequency electromagnetic wave resistivity logging, which comprises the following steps: s1, establishing a high-resistivity formation electromagnetic wave resistivity logging method; s2, developing a magnetic dipole source electromagnetic field pseudo-analytical fast algorithm based on different borehole columnar layered formation models in the high-resistivity formation; s3, simulating and analyzing the problem of formation resistivity anomaly caused by the existence of the borehole; s4, selecting different borehole factor parameters under the high-resistivity formation condition, and determining the data range contained in the borehole correction database; s5, carrying out forward simulation and analysis on the borehole influencing factors such as mud resistivity, hole diameter, eccentricity and relative dielectric constant; s6, detailing the change rule of the response results of different influencing factors in the high-resistivity formation; and s7, combining the data obtained from the simulation results and establishing a borehole correction database, thereby forming the high-resistivity formation borehole correction method based on the high-frequency electromagnetic wave resistivity logging.

This invention discloses a method and device for correcting eccentric wellbore in resistivity logging of ultra-deep fractured reservoirs. The method involves continuously moving a conventional dual-lateral logging tool downhole while simultaneously acquiring shallow and deep resistivity information of the reservoir, obtaining continuous shallow and deep resistivity response curves at different reservoir depths. Combining wellbore size and mud resistivity curves with a pre-established dual-lateral shallow and deep resistivity eccentric wellbore correction chart, the eccentric wellbore correction chart is discretized and digitized into an eccentric wellbore database. Based on the shallow and deep resistivity data at different depths, a resistivity eccentric wellbore correction algorithm is used to correct the actually measured dual-lateral shallow and deep resistivity data, obtaining shallow and deep resistivity curves that eliminate the influence of wellbore size, mud resistivity, and instrument eccentricity. This provides logging data interpreters with more realistic dual-lateral resistivity curve data reflecting the characteristics of fractures in ultra-deep reservoirs, ensuring the effective evaluation of fracture characteristics in ultra-deep reservoirs.

The application discloses a bedding anisotropy stratum large-inclination well and horizontal well resistivity correction method, which comprises the following steps: (1) selecting several discrete well inclination data and corresponding resistivity logging response values in the same set of bedding anisotropy stratum according to stratum layering data, well inclination data and resistivity logging data; (2) fitting the selected data set according to a given correction model to determine r0, r 90 and the value of B; (3) combining the well inclination data to calculate the correction coefficient alpha (theta) of the target layer at different measuring depths; (4) according to the definition of the correction coefficient, the correction model of the resistivity curve is derived; (5) according to the correction model, the resistivity of the bedding anisotropy stratum large-inclination well and horizontal well is corrected. The method can correct the resistivity logging data, can get rid of the dependence on rock physical experiments, has low error rate, is simple and convenient to operate, and saves the cost of downhole sample coring and rock physical experiment.

The application discloses a method and system for identifying single sand body combination relationship of meandering river reservoirs, comprising: obtaining the correlation between the length of the well track section corresponding to each resistivity change state on the resistivity logging curve in the horizontal well drilling process and the apparent dip angle of the sand-shale interface corresponding to the corresponding well track section; based on the correlation, determining the apparent dip angle of the corresponding sand-shale interface by using the length of the well track section corresponding to each resistivity change state on the resistivity logging curve of the target single sand body combination, thereby obtaining the distribution characteristics of the sand-shale interface in the target single sand body combination; by using the numerical distribution characteristics and the curve section shape corresponding to each resistivity change state on the resistivity logging curve of the target single sand body combination, combining the distribution characteristics of the sand-shale interface, obtaining the geological structure change along the drilling direction in the target single sand body combination, thereby forming the identification result of the target single sand body combination relationship. The application realizes accurate identification of the underground single sand body combination relationship.

The present invention provides a method for estimating hydrocarbon saturation of a hydrocarbon-bearing rock from a measurement for an electrical property a resistivity log and a rock image. The image is segmented to represent either a pore space or solid material in the rock. An image porosity is estimated from the segmented image, and a corrected porosity is determined to account for the sub-resolution porosity missing in the image of the rock. A corrected saturation exponent of the rock is determined from the image porosity and the corrected porosity and is used to estimate the hydrocarbon saturation. A backpropagation-enabled trained model can be used to segment the image. A backpropagation-enabled method can be used to estimate the hydrocarbon saturation using an image selected from a series of 2D projection images, 3D reconstructed images and combinations thereof.

This invention discloses an integrated logging-while-drilling (LOD) and measurement drill string assembly, relating to the field of oil and gas drilling engineering technology. It provides a series connection scheme for core protective drill string components, offering two switchable configurations: one with a mud motor and one without. Both configurations consist of an azimuth density neutron logging sub, a bidirectional communication power supply sub, an acoustic logging sub, a resistivity logging sub, an upper connecting sub, a flexible sub, a lower connecting sub, an azimuth gamma logging sub, and a steering actuator connected in series according to a fixed logic. The configuration with a mud motor only requires adding a mud motor at a designated location to complete the structural switch, without changing the series connection of the remaining subs. This assembly scheme is applicable to various drilling scenarios such as offshore exploration and development, deepwater drilling, complex directional wells, highly deviated wells, and horizontal wells. It enables integrated operations of geological steering, formation evaluation, and wellbore stability analysis during drilling, effectively improving drilling efficiency and reducing operational risks.

The invention provides a while-drilling electromagnetic wave resistivity logging inversion method based on a quasi-Newton method, and relates to the technical field of oil-gas exploration and development, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the actual measurement response data of an isotropic or anisotropic target stratum, constructing a three-layer TI medium stratum model, and determining the to-be-inverted parameters; performing global optimization by adopting a genetic algorithm, and outputting an optimal result as an initial value; constructing a quasi-Newton inversion model containing a regularization term, dynamically updating a Jacobian matrix by using a Broyden updating rule, introducing a diagonal adaptive damping matrix to replace a fixed damping factor, and adaptively adjusting the damping strength according to a parameter relative increment ratio; and inputting the initial value into the improved model for iterative operation until a termination condition is met. The method gets rid of manual experience dependence, avoids local extremum convergence, improves the inversion precision, reduces the number of iterations, improves the calculation efficiency, accurately inverts key parameters, meets the requirements of real-time geosteering engineering, and improves the oil-gas exploration and development efficiency.

The invention belongs to the technical field of logging while drilling, and provides a full-component minimum symmetry compensation antenna system and a logging while drilling electromagnetic wave resistivity logging method.The full-component minimum symmetry compensation antenna system comprises a drill collar body, a first transmitting antenna, a second transmitting antenna, a first receiving antenna, a second receiving antenna, a third receiving antenna and a fourth receiving antenna; the first transmitting antenna and the second transmitting antenna are obliquely orthogonal in space, and magnetic moment vectors are respectively arranged on an XZ plane and a YZ plane and form a first inclination angle with a Z axis; the first receiving antenna, the second receiving antenna, the third receiving antenna and the fourth receiving antenna are arranged in a mirror image mode along the midpoint of the first transmitting antenna and the midpoint of the second transmitting antenna, and magnetic moment vectors of the first receiving antenna and the fourth receiving antenna are arranged on the XZ plane and form a second inclination angle and a negative second inclination angle with the Z axis respectively. And the magnetic moment vectors of the second receiving antenna and the third receiving antenna are arranged on the YZ plane and respectively form a second inclination angle and a negative second inclination angle with the Z axis.

The present application relates to the technical field of antenna system design verification, and particularly relates to an electromagnetic wave resistivity logging instrument antenna system adjustable ground verification device and method, comprising processing an antenna model, a ruler and a supporting seat; winding a copper wire coil with a preset number of turns on the antenna model and installing a magnetic conductor; fixing the assembled antenna model on the processed ruler according to a preset antenna arrangement scheme; arranging a connecting cable along the ruler; connecting the connecting cable, and performing functional testing and debugging after the connection is completed; the present application adopts 3D printing to quickly manufacture a PLA or non-magnetic material antenna model prototype, and constructs a modular testing system containing flexibly adjustable antenna position and coil turns, realizes parallel verification of a circuit and a mechanical structure, thereby greatly shortening a research and development cycle and significantly reducing material and processing cost waste caused by repeated design.

Aspects of the disclosure provide for using anticorrelation in propagation resistivity logs to detect boundary approaching conditions. Geosteering may be performed based on the detected boundary approaching conditions. The boundary detection and geosteering may be for a high angle well. The anticorrelation may be between attenuation resistivity and phase shift resistivity.

Systems and methods for developing a reservoir that include obtaining well log data (conducting nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gamma ray (GR), and resistivity logging operations to generate corresponding NMR, GR and formation true resistivity logs for one or more wells in the reservoir), determining rock property data based on the well log data, determining a “water-zone baseline” based on the rock property data (e.g., based on a cross-plot of rock properties determined from the NMR and GR logs and resistivity values), and determining water saturation data based on the water-zone baseline.

The application discloses a modularized through-drilling tool three-parameter logging method and system, and the method comprises the following steps: acquiring tension sensor output signals, temperature sensor output signals, resistivity sensor output signals and instrument power supply in the cable logging mode or the storage logging mode; pre-processing the acquired tension sensor output signals, temperature sensor output signals, resistivity sensor output signals and instrument power supply; and calculating the pre-processed tension sensor output signals, temperature sensor output signals, resistivity sensor output signals and instrument power supply to obtain well temperature, tension and mud resistivity logging curves. The system comprises a data acquisition module, a data preprocessing module and a calculation module. The application can obtain the measurement data of tension, temperature and mud resistivity in real time, and provides important technical parameters for the safety of logging instruments and the interpretation and processing of logging data.

The invention provides a crack identification method and device, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: determining a corresponding target well section according to the obtained logging data of a to-be-evaluated well; extracting an interval transit time logging curve and a deep lateral resistivity logging curve of the target well section from the logging data; determining a corresponding interval transit time change rate curve and a corresponding deep lateral resistivity change rate curve based on the interval transit time logging curve and the deep lateral resistivity logging curve respectively; based on the sound wave time difference change rate curve, filling the deep lateral resistivity change rate curve to obtain a corresponding filling result; the filling result is the fracture development section. On the basis of obtaining interval transit time and deep lateral resistivity logging values at different depths, a corresponding change rate curve is obtained, and then a corresponding fracture development section is determined, so that fracture recognition is realized.

This invention relates to the field of electromagnetic resistivity logging technology, and in particular provides a deep learning inversion method combining multi-scale decomposition. The method includes acquiring nine components of the electromagnetic response signal and constructing a dataset; employing a multi-scale decomposition-local feature extraction-global sequence modeling architecture to construct an inversion model consisting of Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM); training the inversion model and obtaining analysis results. This method can more effectively extract local non-stationary features near formation boundaries, improving the inversion accuracy and stability of the lower boundary region in highly deviated or horizontal wells.

The invention discloses a resistivity inversion method and device based on well seismic information constraint, electronic equipment and a medium. The method comprises the following steps: fitting longitudinal wave impedance and resistivity in logging data to obtain a fitting empirical formula; performing inversion to obtain longitudinal wave impedance, and calculating first resistivity through the longitudinal wave impedance obtained through inversion and a fitting empirical formula; a stratum framework is constructed, and a second resistivity model is obtained by adopting a Crisgin interpolation method in combination with the resistivity logging data; fusing the first resistivity and the second resistivity by using attribute fusion based on LLE to obtain a well seismic constraint resistivity model; and based on a well-seismic constrained resistivity model, inverting resistivity data by using the acquired time-domain electromagnetic data and adopting a finite memory quasi-Newton method-based global electromagnetic inversion technology. According to the invention, logging and horizon information and wave impedance information of an earthquake are fused to constrain resistivity inversion, and resistivity inversion based on well-earthquake information constraint is realized.

The invention provides an organic matter content determination method and device, computer equipment and a storage medium, and belongs to the technical field of petroleum and natural gas extraction. The method comprises the steps that based on a resistivity logging curve and an interval transit time logging curve of a first well section, the initial organic matter content of the first well section at multiple sampling depths is determined, the resistivity logging curve comprises logarithmic resistivity of the multiple sampling depths, and the interval transit time logging curve comprises interval transit time of the multiple sampling depths; based on the natural potential logging curve of the first well section, the initial natural gamma logging curve of the first well section is reconstructed, a natural gamma logging curve of the first well section is obtained, and the shale content of the first well section at multiple sampling depths is determined; and for each sampling depth, correcting the initial organic matter content based on the shale content of the sampling depth to obtain the target organic matter content of the sampling depth. The method improves the accuracy of the organic matter content.

The application discloses a method, device and equipment for developing a water-bearing tight sandstone gas reservoir, which can comprise the following steps: comparing gas testing data and / or production data of an evaluation well with a pre-constructed water-producing gas well identification chart to determine a water-producing well in the evaluation well; constructing a sonic time difference-resistivity crossplot based on a sonic time difference logging curve and a resistivity logging curve of the evaluation well to identify a water-bearing layer of the evaluation well; performing well connection profile analysis on the evaluation well after correcting the water-bearing layer in the evaluation well based on the water-producing well in the evaluation well identified by the water-producing gas well identification chart to obtain water-bearing layer distribution of the water-bearing tight sandstone gas reservoir; determining a high-quality reserve area of the water-bearing tight sandstone gas reservoir based on the water-bearing layer distribution and gas reservoir distribution in the water-bearing tight sandstone gas reservoir; and designing a corresponding drainage gas recovery scheme for the high-quality reserve area to realize development of the water-bearing tight sandstone gas reservoir. The method can increase reserve production of the water-bearing tight sandstone gas reservoir and realize effective development.

The invention provides a crustal stress calculation method based on dipole sound wave and resistivity logging. The crustal stress calculation method comprises the following steps: collecting logging information, well trajectory data and rock mechanics crustal stress data of a rock core test in a work area; selecting a representative well with complete dipole sound wave and crustal stress data in a work area, and substituting the crustal stress data of the known well into a well logging crustal stress calculation formula to calibrate and solve the minimum and maximum structural deformation coefficients; establishing a deformation coefficient correction model by using the resistivity curve; and correcting and calibrating the calculated minimum and maximum structural deformation coefficients through a deformation coefficient correction model, and substituting the calculated minimum and maximum structural deformation coefficients into a well logging ground stress calculation formula to obtain the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses of the well to be logged. According to the crustal stress calculation method provided by the invention, the deformation coefficient can be calibrated by using the resistivity curve, and the crustal stress prediction precision is effectively improved, especially in a complex structure region, so that the accuracy of predicting the horizontal principal stress of the stratum in the complex structure region is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of oilfield development, in particular to a far-source low-permeability sandstone reservoir low-resistivity oil layer identification method, which comprises the following steps of: adding secondary resistivity correction value to resistivity logging data after primary correction, and solving resistivity logging data after secondary correction; calculating an apparent resistivity increasing coefficient of the production well by using the resistivity logging data after secondary correction; establishing an intersection chart taking the Y axis as the apparent resistivity increasing coefficient, the X axis as the effective porosity and the projection point as the oil testing result for the tested oil well in the area; according to the intersection chart established in the sixth step, the relation among the oil layer, the same oil-water layer, the water layer and the apparent resistance increasing rate is solved, the apparent resistance increasing rate of the well to be measured is substituted for comparison, and the oil testing result is predicted. The method is simple, efficient and high in practicability, oil reservoir oil and water layer development characteristics can be rapidly and qualitatively recognized, the oil and water layer space distribution relation can be depicted, the effective rate of measure well selection can be effectively improved, and oil reservoir evaluation work development can be guided.

The application discloses a rock mechanics parameter prediction method and system based on well logging curves, relates to the oil and gas drilling engineering technical field, and prediction steps are as follows: well logging data acquisition and pretreatment: in the process of drilling in hard strata, the well logging curve data of the acoustic travel time logging curve, the density logging curve, the natural gamma logging curve and the resistivity logging curve are collected, and the collected well logging curve data is pretreated, including removing noise interference, filling missing data and correcting abnormal data points. The rock mechanics parameter prediction method based on the well logging curves and fully considering the combination of the borehole trajectory and the hard strata characteristics is used to fill the current technical blank, accurately analyzes the complex rock mechanics characteristics of the hard strata by integrating multi-source data, and then improves the prediction accuracy, comprehensively contains rich strata information of the well logging curves, and combines the careful consideration of the borehole trajectory.

The invention relates to the technical field of oilfield development, in particular to a glutenite gas reservoir five-level sequence favorable area optimal selection method and device, and the method comprises the steps: on the basis of a three-level sequence division result, carrying out four-level sequence division by combining a natural gamma logging curve form with a resistivity logging curve; on the basis of a four-level sequence division result, performing five-level sequence division by using a natural gamma logging curve, a resistivity logging curve and seismic data; overlapping the division results of the effective reservoir distribution area and the effective source fracture area, and determining the overlapping area of the two areas as a source fracture favorable area; and determining an optimal selection result of the glutenite five-level sequence favorable area according to the divided source, fault and storage favorable area and the five-level sequence division result. According to the method, the distribution characteristics of effective reservoirs are defined, the favorable source-fault-reservoir area is determined, and systematic, accurate and rapid optimization of the favorable five-stage sequence area of the glutenite gas reservoir is realized.

This application provides a device and method for measuring the resistivity and acoustic waves of a core sample displaced by carbon dioxide. The device includes a core holder, a displacement device, a measuring device, and a host computer. The displacement device is used to displace the core sample using formation water and supercritical carbon dioxide according to the control signal from the host computer. The measuring device is used to measure the instantaneous water displacement, resistivity, and acoustic wave signals of the core sample during the displacement process. The host computer is used to determine the internal state of the core sample. When the internal state of the core sample is saturated and stable, it sends a control signal to the displacement device and determines whether the acquired instantaneous water displacement meets the preset carbon dioxide saturation condition. When it is determined that the instantaneous water displacement meets the carbon dioxide saturation condition, the corresponding resistivity and acoustic wave signals are obtained. This application realizes the accurate measurement of parameters such as rock displacement experiments, resistivity, and acoustic waves, providing support for the quantitative calculation of the supercritical carbon dioxide saturation of actual formations using acoustic wave and resistivity logging.

The application discloses a shale reservoir capacity analysis method and device, and relates to the technical field of shale gas geological exploration, wherein the method comprises the following steps: obtaining logging data and geothermal data of a shale reservoir; the logging data comprises mineral element logging data, density logging data, total organic carbon content and resistivity logging data of each depth point of the shale reservoir; determining pore volume indexes of each depth point of the shale reservoir according to the mineral element logging data and the density logging data; the pore volume indexes reflect actual pore volume values of the shale reservoir; determining specific surface area indexes of each depth point of the shale reservoir according to the geothermal data, the total organic carbon content and the resistivity logging data; the specific surface area indexes reflect actual specific surface area values of the shale reservoir; and determining a shale reservoir capacity analysis result according to the pore volume indexes and the specific surface area indexes. The application can improve the analysis accuracy of the shale reservoir capacity.

This utility model discloses a logging-while-drilling resistivity instrument, wherein the drill collar body has a central mud channel, a first wiring channel, and a second wiring channel; the main control circuit module is located on the upper side of the drill collar body and outside the central mud channel; the lower end of the upper transition channel module is detachably and sealedly connected to the upper end of the drill collar body, and has an upper mud channel and an upper wiring channel; the upper mud channel is connected to the central mud channel; the lower end of the upper wiring channel is connected to the first wiring channel to arrange a first wiring assembly; the upper end of the lower transition channel module is detachably connected to the lower end of the drill collar body, and has a lower mud channel and a lower wiring channel; the lower mud channel is connected to the central mud channel; the upper end of the lower wiring channel is connected to the second wiring channel to arrange a second wiring assembly. This utility model has high structural reliability, good seismic resistance, convenient assembly and wiring, and can easily connect to external instruments.

The invention belongs to the technical field of oil exploration and development, and particularly relates to a through-casing formation resistivity logging instrument, a measuring method and a storage medium, the through-casing formation resistivity logging instrument is placed in a metal casing and comprises an electronic circuit module, an emission electrode, a loop electrode and a supervision electrode, every two supervision electrodes form a pair of supervision electrodes, the supervision electrodes are all arranged between the emission electrode and the loop electrode, and the emission electrode, the supervision electrodes and the loop electrode are all electrically connected with the electronic circuit module. The emission electrode, the monitoring electrode and the loop electrode are arranged on the instrument main body structure at intervals, and every two electrodes are insulated from each other. According to the through-casing stratum resistivity logging instrument, a non-contact measurement mode is adopted, emission current is spread along a casing in a wave mode and enters a stratum, and the resistivity information of the stratum outside the casing can be obtained by reasonably arranging a monitoring electrode and a loop electrode to measure current phase information.

This invention provides a method for converting resistivity logging to sonic velocity logging. Based on a defined rock physics model, it utilizes the relationships and patterns between different physical parameters to establish an analytical expression between rock porosity, resistivity, and velocity, obtaining a discrete mapping relationship between resistivity and P-wave velocity. By continuously optimizing the rock physics parameters, it obtains the mapping curve between resistivity and P-wave velocity, avoiding underfitting caused by cross-sectional analysis and linear fitting of rock physics parameters alone. This reliably achieves an effective conversion from resistivity logging to sonic velocity logging. This invention can support pre-stack depth migration velocity updates based on logging information from drilled sections, predict seismic velocities ahead of the drill bit, and enable more accurate seismic imaging and drilling decisions.