The invention provides a method for selectively accumulating genetic modifications in an
offspring cell of a microbial species, wherein the microbial species has (i) a first
mating type and (ii) a second
mating type compatible with the first
mating type; and wherein the method comprises a mating cycle comprising: a
preparation stage comprising providing a first
cell and a second
cell of the microbial species, the first cell having the first
mating type and the second cell having the second
mating type, wherein the first cell and the second cell have a first locus, a second locus, a third locus, a fourth locus, and a fifth locus, wherein preferably at least the fourth locus and the fifth locus are chromosomal loci, and wherein: the first locus of the first cell encodes a first
guide RNA, wherein the first
guide RNA is configured to hybridize with a first target sequence, wherein the first locus of the second cell comprises the first target sequence; the second locus of the second cell encodes a second
guide RNA, wherein the second guide
RNA is configured to hybridize with a second target sequence, wherein the second locus of the first cell comprises the second target sequence; the third locus of the first cell and the third locus of the second cell
encode an
RNA-guided
DNA endonuclease, wherein the
RNA-guided
DNA endonuclease is configured to functionally associate with the first guide RNA and with the second guide RNA; the fourth locus of the first cell comprises a first mating-type
promoter configured to facilitate expression of a first
selectable marker providing a first selectable trait in cells having the first
mating type; the fourth locus of the second cell comprises a second mating-type
promoter configured to facilitate expression of a second
selectable marker providing a second selectable trait in cells having the second mating type; the fifth locus of the first cell comprises a third
selectable marker providing a third selectable trait; the fifth locus of the second cell comprises a fourth selectable marker providing a fourth selectable trait; and preferably the first selectable trait, the second selectable trait, the third selectable trait and the fourth selectable trait differ from each other; a mating stage comprising bringing the first cell and the second cell in contact with each other to provide an
offspring cell
population; and a selection stage comprising selecting the
offspring cell from the offspring cell
population or from cells derived therefrom, wherein the offspring cell is selected based on at least two selectable traits, wherein preferably the at least two selectable traits comprise one or more of (a) at least the third selectable trait and the fourth selectable trait, (b) at least the first selectable trait and the fourth selectable trait, and (c) at least the second selectable trait and the third selectable trait.