The invention discloses a multi-operating condition extreme load testing system and a testing method for a wheel loader transmission system. The system mainly comprises a power loading module, a support module, a simulation road surface module, a traction module and a data acquiring and recording module, wherein technical means such as active loading, road surface modulation and the like are adopted, so that the system can be suitable for different spading operating conditions, different road surfaces and loaders of different sizes, and rapid testing of the extreme load of the loader transmission system is realized by testing frictional drag applying on each tire; and according to the method, loads are actively applied to a loader and a bucket through a hydraulic cylinder and a traction module, so that the stress state of the bucket is the same as the stress state during practical operation, loading is flexible, various operating conditions of the loader can be simulated, and testing cost is lowered. Due to the adoption of the system and the method, the extreme loads on a single half shaft, a front transmission shaft, a back transmission shaft, a transmission case output shaft and the like in the transmission system in the operating process of a wheel loader can be obtained.