45 results about "PEEP Valve" patented technology

The respiratory medicine delivery system is a handheld breathing device for a user having respiratory problems. The device comprises a hollow tubular manifold. A front tubular section extends from a front opening of the hollow tubular manifold. A mouthpiece extends from a rear opening of the hollow tubular manifold. The front tubular section has an MDI port. A seal cap that can seal off the MDI port is provided. A PEEP valve is mounted in the front tubular section to create a sealed backpressure in the user's airways by creating resistance to exhalation. The hollow tubular manifold has a manifold inlet. A threaded nebulizer port having a recessed one-way valve can be formed at the inlet of the manifold. The nebulizer port is provided for attachment to a nebulizer to facilitate buildup of positive pressure and delivery of medication to a user's lungs. A nebulizer seal cap is also provided.

An anesthesia device and a process are provided with which a breathing gas, which is present in a breathing circuit and which is especially enriched with an anesthetic, can be removed rapidly and in a cost-effective manner. The breathing circuit comprises an inspiratory breathing gas duct and an expiratory breathing gas duct, for receiving an expired breathing gas, a Y-piece, which is designed as a Y-piece that can be closed, for connecting the inspiratory and expiratory breathing gas ducts with a patient. At least one breathing gas supply system introduces breathing gas into the breathing circuit. A breathing gas outlet duct is provided with a breathing gas outlet valve. A breathing gas reservoir intermediately stores breathing gas. A PEEP valve is arranged upstream of the breathing gas reservoir in the direction of flow of the breathing gas. A breathing gas delivery is arranged downstream of the breathing gas reservoir in the direction of flow of the breathing gas. An air inlet introduces ambient air into the breathing circuit. The air inlet is arranged between the PEEP valve and the breathing gas delivery. A control is provided at least for controlling the ambient air entering through the air inlet, the breathing gas delivery, the PEEP valve and the breathing gas outlet valve for removing breathing gases from the breathing circuit.

The present invention discloses a mechanical PEEP (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure) valve, and mainly relates to a medical positive end-expiratory pressure device which is adjusted manually. The mechanical PEEP valve of the invention mainly comprises a valve body (1), a connecting component (4), a guiding component (7) and a spring (8), wherein the valve body (1) and the connecting component (4) are connected by screw. The spring (8) is sleeved on the guiding component (7) and is positioned between the connecting component (4) and the guiding component (7). The connecting component (4) is sleeved on the guiding component (7). The connecting component and the guiding component (7) are in clearance fit. The mechanical PEEP valve with the structure can use the spring (8) for realizing the adjustment to PEEP value. The adjusting range is between 0 and 20cmH2O thereby adapting the requirement of patients with different states. Furthermore the gravity force exerted on the diaphragm (9) satisfies the opening pressure requirement of EN740 when the spring pressure is zero.

The invention relates to an air passage system of a respirator. The air passage system comprises an oxygen communicating pipeline, as well as a pressure reducing valve (REG1) and a proportional valve (PSOL1), which are communicated on the oxygen communicating pipeline in series; a high-pressure air communicating pipeline, as well as the pressure reducing valve (REG2) and the proportional valve (PSOL2), which are communicated on the high-pressure air communicating pipeline in series; a mixing cavity and a free respiration valve (SV) communicated with the mixing cavity; a main pipeline, as well as a flow sensor probe (FQ1) and a one-way valve (CV3), which are communicated on the main pipeline in series; and a control air source, wherein the input end of the control air source is communicated with the oxygen communicating pipeline through an air passage beside a one-way valve (CV4), the air passage beside a one-way valve (CV5) is communicated with the high-pressure air communicating pipeline, and the output end of the control air source is communicated with the air inlet end of a two-position three-way valve (SOV1); the air outlet end of the SOV1 is communicated with the control end of the free respiration valve (SV) and a proportional valve (PSOL3), and the exhaust end is communicated with outside atmosphere; and the other end of the PSOL3 is communicated with an air lock and the pneumatic control end of a Peep valve.

A hand-held breathing device for use by patients having respiratory problems creates a sealed backpressure in the airways of the patient by creating resistance to exhalation. A peep valve is mounted inside a hollow body, and a pre-set compression spring is mounted between the valve and an adjustable cap or cam lever in the main body of the device. A pair of valve openings extend through the wall of the main body, one opening serving as an intake port for inhaling of air by the patient and the second port-for exhalation of carbon dioxide. An intake valve is mounted inside the body between a normally open end of the device and the exhalation valve. In one of the embodiments, the device is attached to a nebulizer to facilitate buildup of positive pressure and delivery of medication to the patients' lungs.

The invention relates to an air channel system of a pilot type control belt intelligent PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) breathing machine. The air channel system is communicated with a user through an external interface, a communication pipeline and a Peep value (PEEP) and comprises an oxygen communication pipeline, a reduced pressure pump (REG1), an oxygen flow regulation valve (NV1), an air communication pipeline, an air inlet single-way valve (DV1), an air flow regulating valve (NV2) and a Venturi device (WENTURI), wherein the reduced pressure pump (REG1) and the oxygen flow regulation valve (NV1) are arranged on the oxygen communication pipeline; the air inlet single-way valve (DV1) and the air flow regulating valve (NV2) are arranged on the air communication pipeline; the output end of the Venturi device (WENTURI) is communicated with the external interface through a main pipeline, the input end of the Venturi device (WENTURI) is communicated with the oxygen communication pipeline, the bypass of the Venturi device (WENTURI) is communicated with the air communication pipeline; Peep valve controls a branch air channel as well as a proportion solenoid valve (PSOL1) and a safety solenoid valve (SOV1) which are arranged on the branch air channel; and the outlet end of the proportion solenoid valve (PSOL1) is communicated with the pneumatic control end of the Peep valve, the inlet end of the safety solenoid valve (SOV1) is communicated with the oxygen communication pipeline, and the air discharge end of the safety solenoid valve (SOV1) is communicated with the Venturi device (WENTURI). The air channel system is high in work stability, long in working life, continuous and adjustable in PEEP, high in safety coefficient and low in air consumption.

A method and a device for calibrating PEEP valve are provided. The calibrating method comprises: obtaining a function between a control voltage value of the PEEP valve and a gas conduit pressure value of a breathing loop system, according to a plurality of groups of different control voltage values of the PEEP valve and the gas conduit pressure values of the breathing loop system corresponding to the control voltage values; adjusting the control voltage value of the PEEP valve according to the function in order to obtain an expected gas conduit pressure of the breathing loop system. By establishing a segmented linear plot of the function corresponding to the relationship between the control voltage and the gas conduit pressure values, the method and the device can adjust the control voltage of the PEEP valve according to the segmented linear plot of the function, thereby achieving precise control of the PEEP valve.

The present invention provides a method for increasing the working precision of PEEP valve for settling the problem that the PEEP valve can not obtain high working precision, wherein the method comprises the following steps: inputting anticipated pressure value P1 into a processing unit (1) which obtains a corresponding current value I1 according to the stored comparison table and controls the PEEP valve (3) with the current value I1 to open the PEEP valve to a certain opening by an operator; detecting the airway pressure in the exhalation branch line by a pressure sensor (5) at the end of exhalation period and conveying the airway pressure value P2 to the processing unit (1); calculating a deviation value deltaP=P2-P1 by the processing unit (1) for determining whether the deviation value deltaP is in the anticipated control area, if not, obtaining an adjustment value P1' according to the relationship P1'=P1+deltaP*K, and in the relationship the adjusted scaling factor K is controlled between 0.4 to 0.9; and executing the steps repeatedly according to adjustment value until the deviation value is in the anticipated control area. The method can quickly and accurately increase the working precision of PEEP.

Resuscitation assembly (101) comprising a patient mask (107), a ventilation bag (105), an inflation valve (113), an exhalation valve (111), and an expiration indicator (119). The expiration indicator (119) is a positive end expiratory pressure valve in the form of a slit valve that exhibits a slit (131) in a flexible sheet part (125). Also disclosed is a resuscitation assembly (101) comprising a patient mask (107), a ventilation bag (105), an inflation valve (113), an exhalation valve (111), a positive end expiratory pressure valve (119), and a pressure sensor (133) adapted to measure pressure on the patient side (127) of the positive end expiratory pressure valve (119).

The invention provides a PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) valve and a respirator with the same. The PEEP valve comprises a throttling part and a gas controlling part, wherein the inlet end of the throttling part is connected with a dynamic gas source of the respirator; the inlet end of the gas controlling part is connected with the outlet end of the throttling part; the outlet end of the gas controlling part is connected with an exhalation valve; and the gas controlling part responds to the throttling amount of the throttling part to change the pressure applied to the exhalation valve to realize continuous adjustment of PEEP. According to the invention, the PEEP functions are integrated inside the respirator host via the mechanical PEEP valve, such as mechanical gas flow control, scale indication, digital display and closed-loop control, and the valve not only improves the reliability of PEEP realization and lowers the requirements for the hardware platform of the respirator, but also meets the clinical demands in terms of comfort and has simple design and low cost.

The invention relates to a control method for a breathing machine PEEP valve. The control method comprises the steps of obtaining the current monitored PEEP pressure and the set PEEP pressure, judging whether the current monitored PEEP pressure is the same as the set PEEP pressure, returning to the step of obtaining the current monitored PEEP pressure and the set PEEP pressure if the current monitored PEEP pressure is the same as the set PEEP pressure, adjusting the supply pressure of a pressure device and the current of a proportional valve according to the current monitored PEEP pressure and the set PEEP pressure if the current monitored PEEP pressure is not the same as the set PEEP pressure and returning to the step of obtaining the current monitored PEEP pressure and the set PEEP pressure. The supply pressure of the pressure device and the current of the proportional valve are adjusted according to the current monitored PEEP pressure and the set PEEP pressured, the voltage of the pressure device can change along with the supply pressure of the pressure device, the pressure device needn't work in constant voltage, the actual using efficiency of the pressure device is improved, the supply pressure of the pressure device can be automatically adjusted, and the accurate PEEP pressure can be quickly obtained. In addition, the invention further provides a control device for the breathing machine PEEP valve.

The invention discloses a positive end-expiratory pressure control system, and the system comprises a PEEP valve which is connected with a patient breathing tube; and a pressure sensor, a bypass of which is connected to connection ends of the PEEP valve and the patient breathing tube. The PEEP pneumatic control assembly comprises a solenoid valve, a vent valve, a proportional valve, and a pressure stabilizing valve, wherein one end of the solenoid valve is connected with an air supply port air circuit, and the other end of the solenoid valve is connected with a vent valve air circuit. The other end of the vent valve is connected with a PEEP valve air circuit, and the vent valve is provided with a large drift diameter exhaust port which is communicated with the atmosphere. One end of the proportional valve is connected with the air supply port air circuit, and the other end of the proportional valve is connected with the PEEP valve and the vent valve air circuit. One end of the pressure stabilizing valve is connected to an air circuit between the proportional valve and the PEEP valve, and the other end of the pressure stabilizing valve is connected with the atmosphere. The system also comprises a control unit which adjusts the PEEP pressure to be different values. The system can achieve quick venting and decompression through the large drift diameter exhaust port, is high in safety factor, enables PEEP pressure control to be accurate, is quick in response, and is high in stability.

The invention discloses a method and device for controlling positive end expiratory pressure. The method and device are applied to a respirator comprising a PEEP valve. The method comprises the steps that the step A, in the ith respiration period, a first detection value of the PEEP valve is obtained and in the (i+1)th respiration period, a second detection value of the PEEP valve is obtained; the step B, the first detection value and the second detection value are compared, a comparison result is obtained, if the comparison result is within an error range, the step C is executed, and if the comparison result is not within the error range, the step D is executed; the step C, a PEEP control value corresponding to the second detection value is obtained and the PEEP valve is controlled to move according to the PEEP control value; the step D, the PEEP control value corresponding to the second detection value is obtained, the PEEP control value is adjusted, the PEEP valve is controlled to move according to the adjusted value, and the adjusted value is set to be a PEEP control value corresponding to a detection value obtained in the next respiration period, wherein i is a positive integer. According to the method and device for controlling the positive end expiratory pressure, the PEEP valve can be accurately controlled.

A positive pressure endotracheal device used with an air source which provides transmission of continuous positive pressure into the lungs using an inspiratory line and a one-way valve placed within the inspiratory line. This one-way valve will not allow exhaled air to return through the inspiratory line. The pressure in the device is measured with a monitor line which is connected to the air source and the disclosed Positive Pressure Endotracheal Device. The device includes: 1) WYE molded endotracheal connector interface, 2) a primary pressure release port, 3) a pressure monitor port, 4) a dispenser port (optional), 5) and inspiratory line (smooth walled), 6) a one-way valve connected to the inspiratory line, 7) an expiratory line (smooth walled), and 8) a peep valve connected on an end of the expiratory line to control lung inflation pressure at the end of exhalation.

The invention provides a breather valve used for breathing machines. The breather valve comprises an inspiration pipeline connector (315), a patient end connector (2), a pressure sampling port (311), a valve port (319) and a dual-purpose connector (314), wherein the dual-purpose connector (314) is connected with a mechanical PEEP valve, and the valve port (319) is connected with a valve cover (33) matched with the mechanical PEEP valve, or the dual-purpose connector (314) is directly used as an expiration port, and the valve port (319) is connected with a valve cover (32) matched with an electronic PEEP valve. The breather valve disclosed by the invention is provided with the dual-purpose connector, so that the mechanical PEEP valve and the electronic PEEP valve can be both matched in use; only the valve covers, matched with the corresponding PEEP valves, are needed to be replaced for realizing switching of the mechanical PEEP valve and the electronic PEEP valve; and therefore, universality of different breathing machines can be realized, so that the applicable range and the working efficiency of the breather valve are improved.

The invention relates to an exhalation membrane valve which comprises an exhalation valve body installation base 6, an exhalation adapter 8, an exhalation pressure air inlet base 2, a membrane assembly and an exhalation valve locking nut 1. The exhalation adapter 8 is connected with the exhalation valve body installation base 6. The exhalation pressure air inlet base 2 and the membrane assembly are sequentially arranged in the exhalation valve body installation base 6. The exhalation valve locking nut 1 is arranged on the outer side of the exhalation pressure air inlet base 2 and is rotatably fixed with the exhalation valve body installation base 6. A hollow exhalation valve membrane 5 divides a whole exhalation valve into an upper cavity and a lower cavity, two interfaces are arranged in a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) cavity 1, one interface is connected with a PEEP valve to control air inlet, and the other interface is connected with the air (the caliber is controlled by a flow proportional valve). Two interfaces are arranged in an exhalation cavity 12, one interface is connected with patient exhalation airflow, and the other interface is directly connected with the air. The membrane is thin-wall and hollow so that the membrane is sensitive to acting force exerted on the membrane very much and can fast respond to seal or release exhalation airflow, the delay time is shortened, data are accurate and reliability of breathing machines is improved.

The invention provides an airway control device for a medical breathing apparatus, which comprises a pressure relief valve, a pressure sensor, an electromagnetic valve, a safety valve, a pressure regulating valve (PEEP (Positive End Expiratory Pressure) valve) and a first air resistor, wherein the inlet port of the pressure relief valve is connected with a gas source; the inlet port of the pressure sensor is connected with the outlet port of the pressure relief valve; the inlet port of the electromagnetic valve is connected with the outlet port of the pressure relief valve; the electromagnetic valve is controlled by the pressure sensor; the inlet port of the safety valve is connected with the outlet port of the electromagnetic valve; the inlet port of the PEEP valve is connected with the outlet port of the electromagnetic valve; the inlet port of the first air resistor R1 is connected with the outlet port of the electromagnetic valve; and the outlet port of the first air resistor R1 is respectively connected with the inlet port of the safety valve and the inlet port of the PEEP valve. The invention has the advantages of simple structure, low cost and high control sensitivity, and can ensure the safety of the user under various abnormal conditions.

The invention relates to a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) safety protection system and a method thereof. The system comprises a breathing machine, a PEEP valve, a proportional solenoid, a safety solenoid, a PEEP pressure collection unit and a processor, wherein the proportional solenoid and the safety solenoid are arranged on a controlling air passage of the PEEP valve; the method comprises the following steps: detecting the PEEP pressure by utilizing a pressure sensor; opening the safety solenoid if the PEEP pressure is within a normal range, and conducting the connection between the pneumatic control end of the PEEP valve and an air source; and closing the safety solenoid if the PEEP pressure exceeds the highest threshold, and cutting off the connection between the pneumatic control end of the PEEP valve and the air source. According to the safety protection system and the method thereof, the control is accurate, and the positive end expiratory pressure is continuous and adjustable; and moreover, the loss of the air source can be reduced.

The invention provides a PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) valve and a respirator with the same. The PEEP valve is characterized in that one end of the PEEP valve is connected with a pipeline exhalation opening of the respirator and the other end of the PEEP valve is connected with the inlet end of an exhalation valve; the PEEP valve comprises a valve body (3) which is formed in the way that gas channels between the pipeline exhalation opening of the respirator and the inlet end of the exhalation valve are communicated via gases under predetermined pressure; and the predetermined pressure is adjusted by a linear pressure adjusting device. The PEEP valve can be completely independent of the respirator system to work, so the design idea of the respirator can be no longer restrained by the conditions of the PEEP valve and meanwhile the respirator without PEEP function has the PEEP function under the premise of not changing the respirator, thus elevating the grade of the respirator and expanding the clinical use range, greatly improving the quality of the respirator, lowering the cost and bringing great benefits to the respirator manufacturers and users.

The invention provides a positive expiratory end pressure (PEEP) valve and an anesthesia machine with the same. The PEEP valve comprises a first module (1), a second module (2), a valve core (6), a valve core mounting groove (21) and a first air passage (23), wherein a gas pipeline is arranged in the first module (1); the second module (2) is buckled with the first module (1); the valve core (6) is movably arranged in the cavity of the first module (1) and provided with a rolling film (5); the valve core mounting groove (21) is formed in one side of the second module (2) facing the first module (1) and corresponds to the valve core (6); and the first air passage (23) is formed in the second module (2) and used for communicating the valve core mounting groove (21) to a control gas source. Compared with the prior art, the PEEP valve has the advantage of simplicity in structure and installation.

An anesthesia device and a process are provided with which a breathing gas, which is present in a breathing circuit and which is especially enriched with an anesthetic, can be removed rapidly and in a cost-effective manner. The breathing circuit comprises an inspiratory breathing gas duct and an expiratory breathing gas duct, for receiving an expired breathing gas, a Y-piece, which is designed as a Y-piece that can be closed, for connecting the inspiratory and expiratory breathing gas ducts with a patient. At least one breathing gas supply system introduces breathing gas into the breathing circuit. A breathing gas outlet duct is provided with a breathing gas outlet valve. A breathing gas reservoir intermediately stores breathing gas. A PEEP valve is arranged upstream of the breathing gas reservoir in the direction of flow of the breathing gas. A breathing gas delivery is arranged downstream of the breathing gas reservoir in the direction of flow of the breathing gas. An air inlet introduces ambient air into the breathing circuit. The air inlet is arranged between the PEEP valve and the breathing gas delivery. A control is provided at least for controlling the ambient air entering through the air inlet, the breathing gas delivery, the PEEP valve and the breathing gas outlet valve for removing breathing gases from the breathing circuit.

The invention discloses an anesthesia machine which comprises a respiration loop and a sensor. The respiration loop comprises a inhaling branch and an exhaling branch. One end of the inhaling branch is connected with drive air through an inhaling valve. The other end of the inhaling branch is connected with the inhaling end of a patient. One end of the exhaling branch is connected with the exhaling end of the patient, and the other end thereof is connected to the atmosphere through a PEEP valve. The respiration loop further comprises an environment pressure sensor disposed in the respiration loop and an airway pressure sensor disposed at the inhaling end. The anesthesia machine further comprises a control unit, a processing unit and a state judging unit. The anesthesia machine has the advantages that whether the environment pressure sensor and the airway pressure sensor operate normally or not can be obtained by analyzing and judging the numeral values measured by the environment pressure sensor and the airway pressure sensor; if the airway pressure sensor fails, the environment pressure sensor is controlled to measure the pressure in an airway, and normal operation of the anesthesia machine is guaranteed.

An exhaling valve (1) comprises a valve body. The valve body comprises: a first valve port (11), used for exhaling gas; a second valve port (12), used for being connected to a PEEP valve, wherein an exhaling channel (13) is disposed between the first valve port (11) and the second valve port (12); and a traffic collecting module, disposed in the exhaling channel (13). Part of exhaled gas that enters the exhaling channel (13) through the first valve port (11) passes through the traffic collecting module, then generates a pressure difference and then enters a collecting port; and the other part enters the PEEP value through the second valve port (12). The exhaling valve (1) can improve the precision of traffic monitoring and the control stability of the PEEP valve, can be rapidly fitted to the collecting port, can be wholly disassembled for being disinfected, and accordingly, the exhaling valve is safe and reliable.

The present invention discloses a mechanical PEEP (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure) valve, and mainly relates to a medical positive end-expiratory pressure device which is adjusted manually. The mechanical PEEP valve of the invention mainly comprises a valve body (1), a connecting component (4), a guiding component (7) and a spring (8), wherein the valve body (1) and the connecting component (4)are connected by screw. The spring (8) is sleeved on the guiding component (7) and is positioned between the connecting component (4) and the guiding component (7). The connecting component (4) is sleeved on the guiding component (7). The connecting component and the guiding component (7) are in clearance fit. The mechanical PEEP valve with the structure can use the spring (8) for realizing the adjustment to PEEP value. The adjusting range is between 0 and 20cmH2O thereby adapting the requirement of patients with different states. Furthermore the gravity force exerted on the diaphragm (9) satisfies the opening pressure requirement of EN740 when the spring pressure is zero.

A self-administered oxygenation apparatus for increasing pressure within a non-intubated patient's lungs and thereby increasing an amount of oxygen in the non-intubated patient's blood when operated by the patient includes a mouthpiece, a vent member, and a resistance member. The mouthpiece includes an external portion defining a center orifice through which the patient selectively inhales and exhales air. The resistance member is a PEEP valve positioned between the interior area of the vent member and the mouthpiece, the resistance member having a flexible construction configured to open upon inhalation so as to allow ambient air inhaled by the patient to pass thereby without resistance and to close upon exhalation, exhalation causing an end shield to pivot outwardly from the vent member under a bias of external elastic members.

A self-administered oxygenation apparatus for increasing pressure within a non-intubated patient's lungs and thereby increasing an amount of oxygen in the non-intubated patient's blood when operated by the patient includes a mouthpiece, a vent member, and a resistance member. The mouthpiece includes an external portion defining a center orifice through which the patient selectively inhales and exhales air. The resistance member is a PEEP valve positioned between the interior area of the vent member and the mouthpiece, the resistance member having a flexible construction configured to open upon inhalation so as to allow ambient air inhaled by the patient to pass thereby without resistance and to close upon exhalation, exhalation causing an end shield to pivot outwardly from the vent member under a bias of external elastic members.

A self-administered oxygenation apparatus for increasing pressure within a non-intubated patient's lungs and thereby increasing an amount of oxygen in the non-intubated patient's blood when operated by the patient includes a mouthpiece, a vent member, a resistance member, and a plurality of medical sensors. The medical sensors are configured to receive a portion of the exhalation and to transmit generated medical data to a remote location, such as to a software application via the internet. The mouthpiece includes an external portion through which the patient inhales and exhales. The resistance member is a PEEP valve configured to open upon inhalation so as to allow ambient air inhaled by the patient to pass thereby without resistance and to close upon exhalation, exhalation causing an end shield to pivot outwardly from the vent member under a bias of external elastic members.

The invention belongs to the technical field of PEEP valves and discloses a novel PEEP valve based on an electromagnetic control technology. The novel PEEP valve comprises a valve body, a fixed seat is fixedly mounted on the wall surface of the upper bottom of the valve body, a valve seat is slidably connected in the fixed seat, an ejector pin sleeve is arranged in the fixed seat, an ejector pin is fixedly mounted in the ejector pin sleeve, a coil holder is arranged in the valve seat, a coil is wound on the side wall of the coil holder, a U-shaped cup is fixedly installed on the inner bottom wall face of the valve seat, and a magnet is magnetically attracted to the middle of the inner bottom wall face of the U-shaped cup. According to the novel PEEP valve, the magnetic field reaction is changed through the cooperation of a first capillary tube and a second capillary tube, precise control over different pressures can be completed with extremely low power consumption, gas consumption is not needed, pressure control is facilitated through electromagnetic control, the situation that the air pressure needs to be repeatedly adjusted when the air pressure is provided is avoided, the treatment efficiency is improved, the effect of improving the response speed is achieved through electromagnetic control, and the effect of saving cost is achieved while the effect is improved.