The invention discloses a screen-based three-dimensional linear symbol rendering method, which utilizes a shader language to realize high-efficiency high-quality rendering of linear map symbols in a three-dimensional map. The method includes the steps of establishing a mapping relation between vector line segments and a terrain unit, and encoding vector nodes and indexes, thereby forming node texture and index texture; in a fragment shader, searching and reestablishing vector line segments associated with a current fragment; performing grouping and ranking on vector line segment indexes, solving texture coordinates of line segment nodes in the node texture, and reading node attributes from the node texture; and selecting corresponding rendering functions according to symbol types of the associated line segments, and arranging a calculation sequence according to priority. Through direct calculation of screen fragments, the screen-based three-dimensional linear symbol rendering method provided by the invention can realize lamination rendering of linear symbols in a terrain rendering process. In addition, precise spatial position relation calculation and flexible fragment operation meet rendering of different types of linear symbols, and ensure efficiency of real-time rendering.