The present invention discloses a cochlear implantation sound scene identification system and method. The system comprises a foreground and background classifier, a foreground feature extraction module, a foreground identification network, a background feature extraction module, a background identification network, a comprehensive scene determination module and a program selector, and the foreground and background classifier performs classification of foreground and background sound for sound signals of an input system and then outputs the processed sound signals; after classification of the foreground and background classifier, if the sound signals are foreground sound, the sound signals are input to the foreground feature extraction module, and after extraction of sound features, a foreground feature array is output to the foreground identification network; if the sound signals are background sound, the sound signals are input to the background feature extraction module, and after extraction of sound features, a background feature array is output to the background identification network; through comprehensive analysis, the concrete classification of the current scene is output; and an output program is selected. Compared to a traditional scene identification system, the cochlear implantation sound scene identification system and method can identify more sound scenes.