The invention provides a precision numerical control single-column vertical lathe. The precision numerical control single-column vertical lathe comprises a lathe body, a main motor, a first belt pulley, a belt, a second belt pulley, a lower spindle transmission mechanism, an upper spindle transmission mechanism, a workbench, a PLC, driving switches, upright columns, a Z-axis transmission mechanism, a cantilever, an X-axis transmission mechanism, a knife rest, obliquely-placed placement rack structures, multidirectional material positioning seat structures and multi-position adjustment sweepingframe structures, wherein the main motor is arranged at the right of the inner side of the lathe body through a bolt; the first belt pulley is in key connection with an output shaft of the main motor; the belt is connected to the first belt pulley and the second belt pulley in a sleeved manner; and the second belt pulley is in key connection with the lower end of the lower spindle transmission mechanism. The precision numerical control single-column vertical lathe has the beneficial effects that through the arrangement of the obliquely-placed placement rack structures, a placement main tablecan be driven to reach different angles for use when a first cylinder and a second cylinder are driven to lift respectively.