30 results about "Elephant trunks" patented technology

The invention discloses a telescopic bionic elephant trunk device based on Mckibbed type pneumatic artificial muscle driving. The telescopic bionic elephant trunk device comprises a base and a plurality of bionic units connected in sequence, and the bionic units adopt the design that the inclination is gradually reduced from top to bottom; the bionic unit at the upper end is connected with the base; and the adjacent bionic units or the bionic units and the base are connected through connecting discs. According to the telescopic bionic elephant trunk device, Mckibbed type pneumatic artificial muscle which is good in safety performance, low in price, environmentally friendly and good in flexibility is adopted, and driving force is provided for the bionic elephant trunk device. The bionic elephant trunk is good in flexibility, simple in structural design, light in weight, convenient to install, low in maintenance cost, capable of bearing large tangential loads, capable of simulating movement of an elephant trunk at any angle in a three-dimensional space in the nature, capable of contracting in the axial direction and capable of meeting different movement requirements in a complex space.

The invention relates to a bionic elephant trunk mechanism and an amusement device using the same, the bionic elephant trunk mechanism includes a back section mechanism and one or more front section mechanisms, the rear section mechanism comprises a rear section bracket, a rear section multi-section structure, a rear section connecting rod cylinder, and each front section mechanism comprises a front section bracket, a front section bracket cylinder, a front section multi-section structure, and a front section connecting rod cylinder, wherein the front section bracket cylinder is used for driving the front section bracket, and the front section connecting rod cylinder is used for driving the front section multi-section structure. The bionic elephant trunk mechanism can simulate the movementposture of the elephant trunk, has greater rigidity and rigidity than the traditional software mechanism, has lower technical requirements for end position control, and is suitable for park, amusement park, theme park, stage performance and the like, and is easy to realize the action of water spraying interaction for tourists and spectators. The bionic elephant trunk mechanism has the advantagesof low technical requirements for end position control, low debugging and control cost, and is suitable for park, amusement park, theme park, stage performance, etc. And the amusement device is an elephant-related amusement device including the bionic elephant trunk mechanism.

The invention discloses an elephant trunk method-based anti-blocking dredging system and a construction method thereof. The system comprises a probing and dredging device; the probing and dredging device comprises a case, a hoop type ring and a handheld end control device; the case is provided with a detector, and the bottom of the case is provided with an electric vibrating rod; one end, far away from a sleeve opening, of the hoop type ring is connected to the bottom of the case, a mounting hole for an elephant trunk to penetrate through is formed in the inner side of the ring, and a plurality of electric rollers are movably mounted in the mounting hole; and the handheld end control device is electrically connected to the electric vibrating rod, the electric rollers and the detector. The matched probing and dredging device is installed on the elephant trunk and moves along the elephant trunk through manual rope traction operation or complete remote control operation, a specific pipe blocking position is probed through an elephant trunk opening and a camera, and the vibrating rod is remotely operated to rotate to a proper position for vibrating and dredging; and pipe disassembly dredging and high-altitude operation are avoided, safety is guaranteed, meanwhile, construction is convenient, cost is saved, and the construction period is shortened. The dredging system is easy and convenient to operate, high in applicability, facilitates the application and popularization of the elephant trunk, and greatly improves the construction efficiency of deep foundation pits and mass concrete.

The invention discloses double-shaft rotary type elephant trunk equipment. The equipment comprises a fixed supporting column; the bearing frame is mounted on the fixed supporting column in a manner of rotating around the axis of the fixed supporting column; the collecting hopper is used for receiving concrete output from the tail end of the elephant trunk main pipe and is mounted on the supporting frame in a turnover manner; the movable supporting column is arranged opposite to the fixed supporting column; one end of the elephant trunk branch pipe is movably connected to the collecting hopper, and the other end of the elephant trunk branch pipe is installed on the movable supporting column in a lifting mode. The problems that the tail end of an existing elephant trunk system needs to be matched with a tower crane to be moved, and the pouring efficiency is low are solved.

The invention discloses a mass concrete modular elephant trunk construction device and method.The mass concrete modular elephant trunk construction device comprises a steel pipe scaffold, a concrete elephant trunk channel is installed on the steel pipe scaffold, the concrete elephant trunk channel is formed by assembling a plurality of connecting pipelines, and a plurality of material collecting structures are connected to the concrete elephant trunk channel; the material collecting structure comprises a sleeve shell, a material collecting hopper, a top cover and a material distributing chute. The steel pipe scaffold is used as a supporting frame, the concrete elephant trunk channel is used as an elephant trunk, the material collecting structure is used as a buffering device and has the flow dividing function, the material distribution chute is used for increasing the pouring range, the concrete pouring efficiency is improved, the investment of people, materials and machines is reduced, and the construction cost is reduced; investment cost can be reduced, resource waste can be prevented, the purpose of adjusting the flowing resistance of the baffle to concrete can be achieved by adjusting the angle of the baffle through the arranged baffle, and destructive power generated by concrete flowing to a concrete chute channel is reduced.

The invention proposes a bionic elephant trunk mechanism, a sensing arresting device for carrier-based aircraft and a method for using the same. The elephant trunk structure has the ability to bend flexibly, including N joint parts that are sequentially hinged through the auxiliary folding plate assembly. Each joint part is respectively provided with a through hole for the retractable drive mechanism to pass through, and the hole wall of the through hole is fixed. One support piece, each support piece is fixedly connected with the symmetrical axis hinge of the retractable drive mechanism in sequence; the retractable drive mechanism includes two symmetrical and hinged two sets of retractable drive assemblies, and the tail ends of the two sets of retractable drive assemblies are hinged The actuating mechanism retracts to drive the retractable drive assembly to flip around the symmetric axis unit, and under the action of tension, the retractable drive drives the outer skeleton mechanism to realize inward rolling and unfolding. In the present invention, the retraction and retraction of the arresting device is realized through a single actuating mechanism, and the structure is simple and the reliability is high.

The invention discloses a hoisting device with a horizontal displacement combined jib, which belongs to the technical field of port hoisting. A lifting device with a horizontal displacement combined jib, comprising a walking base, a rotating column connected to the top of the walking base, a turntable connected to the outer wall of the rotating column, and a large tie rod connected to the outer wall of the rotating column, which is far away from the center of the rotating column One end is hingedly connected with the elephant trunk beam, the outer wall of the turntable is connected with the main body of the boom, the end of the boom body away from the turntable is connected with the outer wall of the elephant trunk beam, the outer wall of the elephant trunk bridge is connected with a steel wire rope, the outer wall of the steel wire rope is connected with a sling, and the bottom of the sling is connected There is a loading plate, the bottom of the loading plate is connected with a base shell, the outer wall of the base shell is connected with a wind sensor, the base shell is provided with a driving mechanism, and the driving mechanism is electrically connected with the wind sensor; It can automatically cover the hoisted items to prevent them from being blown away by strong winds or damaged by the impact of waves, which plays a very good protective role.

The invention discloses an elephant trunk type vertical paying-off device. The device comprises a base; a first supporting rod is arranged on the base; a second supporting rod is arranged on the firstsupporting rod; the second supporting rod is movably connected with the first supporting rod; a telescopic rod is arranged on the first supporting rod; a piston rod of the telescopic rod is movably connected with the second supporting rod; a third supporting rod is arranged downwards at the tail end of the second supporting rod; a wire inlet wheel is arranged at the tail end of the third supporting rod; a second fixed wire wheel is arranged on the second supporting rod; and a first fixed wire wheel is arranged on the first supporting rod. The trunk type vertical paying-off device is used forpaying off of a horizontal wire coiling wheel, pulling of high-speed steel can be reduced, the higher paying-off speed is provided, and twisting is not likely to happen during paying-off.

The invention provides an anti-pump concrete device in a basement and a construction method. The anti-pump concrete device in the basement includes a receiving hopper arranged on the outer side of thebasement, a collection hopper and a pumping device, wherein the collection hopper and the pumping device are disposed in the basement. The collection hopper is connected to the receiving hopper through a first elephant trunk, and a stirring device is arranged below the collection hopper. The stirring device is connected to the collection hopper through a second elephant trunk, the pumping deviceis mounted at the bottom of the basement, and the pumping device is connected to the stirring device through a third elephant trunk. According to the anti-pump concrete device, by mounting the pumpingdevice at the bottom of the basement, the technical problem that the construction site on the ground is narrow and the pumping device cannot be arranged can be solved; the anti-pump concrete device in the basement is utilized to convey concrete through the elephant trunk into the pumping device and convey the concrete upwards through the pumping device to the position of each to-be-constructed floor above the bottom of the basement, and the concrete pouring operation of the to-be-constructed floor is completed.

The invention belongs to the technical field of hoisting of prestressed hollow slab components, particularly relates to a lateral hoisting tool for prestressed hollow slabs, and aims to solve the problem that no lateral hoisting tool for prestressed hollow slabs exists in the prior art. The lateral hoisting tool for the prestressed hollow slab comprises a supporting assembly and a plurality of lateral hoisting assemblies, each lateral hoisting assembly can move in the length direction of the supporting assembly, and each lateral hoisting assembly comprises a top hook, a lower hook and a trunk hook; the top hook and the lower hook are used for being matched with key grooves in the two sides of the prestressed hollow slab in a clamped mode respectively, the elastic element is attached to the lower hook to generate elastic force, the elephant trunk hook is rotatably arranged on the top hook, a bearing of the elephant trunk hook is concentric with the top hook, and the elephant trunk hook rotates with the axis of the first supporting rod as the center to deviate from one side of the prestressed hollow slab. And the trunk hook passively rotates under the action of external force until the bottom surface of the prestressed hollow slab is vertical. The invention provides a reliable lateral hoisting tool for the prestressed hollow slab.

The invention discloses a tensegrity structure-based elephant trunk-imitating continuous robot, which is provided with an elephant trunk-imitating arm body, the elephant trunk-imitating arm body comprises at least one connecting body, at least one energy storage mechanism and at least one driving mechanism, and the at least one connecting body is provided with at least one upper layer assembly and at least one lower layer assembly; the at least one energy storage mechanism is configured to enable the at least one adjacent connecting body to be far away from each other, and the at least one adjacent connecting body is connected through the at least one energy storage mechanism and forms at least one telescopic bending section and at least one main bending section; the at least one upper layer assembly in the at least one connector and the at least one upper layer assembly or the at least one lower layer assembly in the at least one connector adjacent to the at least one upper layer assembly are rotationally connected with the at least one energy storage mechanism; the elephant-trunk-imitating continuous robot based on the tensegrity structure can conduct multi-angle freedom-degree movement in the space, and the elephant-trunk-imitating flexible operation capacity is achieved.

The invention provides a rotary feeding elephant trunk which comprises a feeding hopper, the bottom of the feeding hopper is connected with a discharging elephant trunk, the bottom of the discharging elephant trunk is provided with a rotary stand column, the symmetrical sides of the discharging elephant trunk of the rotary stand column are detachably connected with an adjustable balance weight device, and the bottom of the rotary stand column is provided with a rotary support with outer teeth. The rotary support with the outer teeth is arranged on the base, a heat insulation dustproof protection cover is arranged on the side, facing molten steel, of the base, the other side of the base is connected with a driving device, and the rotary feeding elephant trunk is used for solving the technical problem that an existing rotary feeding elephant trunk is short in service life.

The invention provides a buffering air locking device. The buffering air locking device comprises an elephant trunk shell, two buffer baffles are symmetrically arranged inside the elephant trunk shell, rotating rods are connected to the sides, away from each other, of the two buffer baffles, the rotating rods extend to the outer side of the elephant trunk shell, in addition, spring pre-tightening assemblies are connected to the part, located on the outer side of the elephant trunk shell, of the rotating rods, when no material passes through the interior of the elephant trunk shell, the sides, close to each other, of the two buffer baffles make contact with each other through the pre-tightening force of the spring pre-tightening assemblies. The buffer air locking device can solve the problem that an existing heavy hammer type buffer air lock cannot ensure that the materials are scattered in the middle in some special use scenes.

The invention discloses full-automatic mechanical sampling rapid online ash measurement equipment, which comprises an articulated chute, a collection frame, a flow guide pipe and a measurement pipe, the articulated chute is provided with a plurality of threading holes, the collection frame is arranged in the articulated chute, the flow guide pipe is fixedly connected to the lower end of the collection frame, the measurement pipe is installed at the lower end of the flow guide pipe, and the flow guide pipe is fixedly connected to the lower end of the collection frame. An online ash measuring device is fixedly connected to the measuring pipe, a second wire is installed on the online ash measuring device, and one end of the second wire penetrates through the threading hole and is located on the outer side of the elephant trunk. According to the invention, the influence of external factors such as steel wires in the adhesive tape, the compaction degree and thickness of a coal seam and the like on ash content measurement can be eliminated, the measurement precision and accuracy of the online ash meter can be obviously improved, and meanwhile, the rapid online ash measurement structure is directly arranged in the elephant trunk, so that the detection paths are greatly reduced, and the detection efficiency is improved. The accuracy and the real-time performance of ash content measurement are ensured, and the detection speed is also improved.

The invention relates to a main shaft assembly structure on an elephant trunk type wire take-up machine, comprising a main shaft, a main shaft sleeve is installed on the main shaft, a self-aligning bearing is arranged between one end of the main shaft sleeve and the main shaft, and the other end of the main shaft sleeve is connected to the main shaft. Roller bearings and first deep groove ball bearings are arranged between them, and front bearing caps and rear bearing caps are respectively arranged at both ends of the main shaft sleeve; The shaft extension end at one end of the bearing cover fixes the revolving plate with a flat key, and sets the main shaft guide wheel between the revolving plate and the front bearing cover. The main shaft guide wheel is fixed on the revolving plate, and the main shaft guide wheel is partially embedded in the middle hole of the main shaft; The feature is that a reel liner is installed outside the rotary plate, and the two ends of the inner surface of the reel liner are respectively equipped with second deep groove ball bearings to connect with the main shaft. The invention simplifies the structure of the reel liner, has a simpler structure, is convenient for processing, assembly and maintenance, greatly improves the work efficiency and reduces the failure rate.

The invention relates to the technical field of clinker sampling and discharging, and discloses a clinker sampler discharging device which comprises a bottom frame, a first air cylinder is installed on one side of the top of the bottom frame, a supporting block is arranged on one side of the outer portion of the first air cylinder, and second air cylinders are installed at the two ends of the top and the two ends of the bottom of one side of the supporting block correspondingly. A protective cover is arranged at the output end of the second air cylinder, a material guiding opening is formed in one side of the bottom end in the protective cover, and push rods are arranged at the two ends of the bottom of one side in the protective cover. According to the sampling device, the partition plates are arranged on the two sides of the baffle through the pressing groove, materials passing through the material holes are intensively guided into the material collecting groove along the positions, exposed at the top of the baffle, of the material holes, the situation that part of the materials in the elephant trunk slide into the connecting base between the sampler and the sampling end of the elephant trunk due to inertia is avoided, and concentrated sampling is achieved; the waste of the materials is avoided, and the consumption of part of the materials in the sampling process is reduced.

The invention discloses a rotary equipment feeding sealing and anti-blocking device and method.The rotary equipment feeding sealing and anti-blocking device comprises a material purging pipeline and an ultrasonic sensor, the material purging pipeline comprises a material purging ring pipe, a material purging branch pipe and an electric control valve, the material purging ring pipe is arranged on the vertical section of a kiln entering elephant trunk in a surrounding mode, and the material purging branch pipe is arranged on the vertical section of the kiln entering elephant trunk in a surrounding mode; a plurality of material purging branch pipes are uniformly connected in the circumferential direction of the material purging ring pipe, the lower ends of the material purging branch pipes are obliquely inserted into the root part of the vertical section of the kiln entering articulated chute, and the material purging ring pipe is communicated with air supply equipment through an electric control valve and a connecting pipe; the ultrasonic sensor is arranged at the upper end part of an inclined pipe of the kiln-entering articulated chute; the ultrasonic sensor and the electric control valve are respectively connected with the controller; the air curtain is formed by jetting compressed air, and hot air is prevented from returning upwards from the kiln entering articulated chute; an ultrasonic sensor purging pipeline is arranged, so that the ultrasonic sensor is prevented from being polluted by dust, and the detection accuracy is improved.

The invention relates to a telescopic sealing type rotary distributor and a distributing method thereof. The telescopic sealing type rotary distributor comprises a rotary elephant trunk, a plurality of discharging ports distributed in an annular array at equal intervals are formed in a bottom plate, the rotary elephant trunk is located in a sealing cover and rotationally connected with the sealing cover, a feeding hopper is communicated with one discharging port through the rotary elephant trunk, and the bottom of the rotary elephant trunk is connected with a telescopic elephant trunk. When the telescopic elephant trunk of the rotary distributor extends and moves downwards, sealing cotton at the bottom end of the telescopic elephant trunk is pressed on the bottom plate around the discharge ports, so that the telescopic elephant trunk and the discharge ports are kept sealed, and dust is prevented from being generated in the sealing cover when materials are conveyed; and through the arrangement of a first position detector, the downward moving position of the telescopic elephant trunk can be detected, it is guaranteed that the positions between the bottom end of the telescopic elephant trunk and the discharging ports are in a sealed state, at the moment, the materials are discharged into the rotary elephant trunk through the feeding hopper and discharged from the discharging ports, and the situation that a large amount of dust is generated in the sealing cover due to the fact that the telescopic elephant trunk is not in place is avoided.

The invention provides a working method of an overlapped articulated chute device. The articulated chute device comprises a blanking hopper, a conical barrel pipe body and more than two chains for hoisting the conical barrel pipe body, the discharging hopper is installed on one side of the ship body, one end of the chain is connected with the discharging hopper, and the other end of the chain is movably connected with the end, away from the discharging hopper, of the conical barrel pipe body. The cone barrel pipe body comprises more than two cone barrels and connecting pieces used for connecting the cone barrels and the chain, openings are formed in the two ends of each cone barrel respectively, and more than two lifting lugs used for being connected with the chain are arranged on one side, corresponding to the opening in the upper side, of the side wall of each cone barrel. The lifting lug extends from the upper side opening of the conical barrel to the lower side opening along the outer side wall of the conical barrel and is formed on the outer side wall of the conical barrel; the connecting pieces are fixedly arranged on the chain at equal intervals and are movably connected with the lifting lugs; the conical barrels are movably connected with the chain at equal intervals through connecting pieces; the underwater riprap device has the advantage that the underwater riprap device cannot be greatly bent during underwater riprap operation.

The invention provides a leakage-proof structure connecting piece of an elephant trunk. The leakage-proof structure connecting piece of the elephant trunk comprises a containing structure, multiple elephant trunk bodies, sealing rings and a limiting structure; the multiple elephant trunk bodies are used for conveying concrete materials and are of a cylinder structure, and are linearly distributed at the bottom end of the containing structure; the sealing rings in an annular structure are arranged between the two adjacent elephant trunk bodies; the limiting structure comprises a driving sleeve and two limiting rings, the two limiting rings are fixed to the ends of the two adjacent elephant trunk bodies correspondingly, the driving sleeve is rotationally connected to the limiting ring deviating from the containing structure, and the driving sleeve is in threaded connection with the other limiting ring close to the containing structure; and the multiple limiting rods are arranged in the circumferential direction of every two adjacent limiting rings. The leakage-proof structure connecting piece of the elephant trunk has the advantages that the elephant trunk connecting position is convenient to overhaul and maintain, the sealing performance is good, and the stability is high.

The invention discloses a unit assembly type elephant trunk system, relates to the technical field of concrete construction, and solves problems that in the existing concrete construction technology, the work amount of erecting and dismantling a chute or an elephant trunk frame body is large, branches are inconvenient to erect, and a stop valve is complex to assemble and disassemble. The system comprises a supporting unit, a transverse conveying unit and a vertical conveying unit, wherein the supporting unit comprises storage racks, vertical supports and sleeving parts, the storage racks are connected to the vertical supports, and the adjacent vertical supports are connected through the sleeving parts; the vertical transportation unit is connected to the storage rack, a flow guide valve is connected to the vertical transportation unit, and the vertical transportation unit is connected with the transverse transportation unit through the flow guide valve. During concrete pouring, a large number of supporting frame bodies do not need to be erected and dismantled, rapid splicing is achieved through standardized assembling units, construction efficiency and safety are improved, and repeated use can be achieved.

The invention discloses a spiral compression device for straw. The spiral compression device comprises a barrel, a spiral shaft, a check valve arranged on the outer side of one end of the barrel and a driving motor arranged on the outer side of the other end of the barrel and used for driving the spiral shaft to rotate. The barrel comprises a feeding section, a compression section and a material plug section which are communicated in sequence, a plurality of through holes are formed in the compression section, and the density of the through holes is gradually increased in the straw conveying direction; the spiral compression device further comprises a feeding elephant trunk communicated with the feeding section, a sealing cover annularly arranged on the outer side of the compression section and a sealing mechanism arranged between the other end of the barrel and the spiral shaft. The sealing cover is provided with an exhaust port and a liquid outlet. The spiral compression device further comprises a switch valve used for controlling opening and closing of the liquid outlet. And the check valve and the switch valve are used for blocking one end of the barrel and the liquid outlet respectively when the current of the driving motor is reduced to a set value. By means of the spiral compression device, continuous compression and discharging of straw can be achieved, and meanwhile potential safety hazards existing in a workshop during steam reverse spraying can be avoided.

The invention discloses a trunk control device of an elephant model and a using method thereof, and relates to the technical field of biological models. The invention includes a base and a connecting piece, the upper surface of the base is fixedly connected with a connecting seat, the connecting seat is rotatably connected with a first movable beam, and one end of the first movable beam is rotatably connected with a second movable beam. The present invention uses the first cylinder, the second cylinder, the third cylinder, the fourth cylinder, the fifth cylinder, the first movable beam, the second movable beam, the third movable beam, the first adapter seat, and the second adapter seat and the pendulum to simulate the simulated movement of the elephant trunk to improve the simulation effect; the present invention uses connectors, the structure is easier to disassemble and install than the traditional hinge structure, and can effectively improve work efficiency; the present invention uses movable plates, screws and fans, The cylinder shaft of the fifth cylinder can drive the screw rod and the fan to rotate through the movable plate during the expansion and contraction process, and can also drive the fan to rotate while working, so as to improve the heat dissipation effect.

The invention relates to an anti-segregation steady flow bin. The anti-segregation steady flow bin comprises a bin body and a round-to-square elephant trunk fixed to the opening position in the bottom of the bin body, a vertically-arranged rectangular pyramid feeding hopper is further connected to the top of the bin body in an inserted mode, a first feeding pipe and a second feeding pipe which are obliquely arranged are further connected to the left side and the right side of the rectangular pyramid feeding hopper in an inserted mode correspondingly, and a square-to-round elephant trunk is further fixed to the opening position in the lower end of the rectangular pyramid feeding hopper and arranged inside the top of the bin body. According to the anti-segregation steady flow bin, three strands of materials which are larger in particle size difference and enter the bin body can be fully mixed in the rectangular pyramid feeding hopper in advance, then fall into the bin body by means of the square-to-round elephant trunk and finally are fed into a roller press through the round-to-square elephant trunk, then segregation of materials with the larger particle size difference is effectively avoided, material particles fed into the roller press are evenly distributed, larger deviation of roller gaps of the roller press is thoroughly avoided, and violent vibration is prevented.

The invention discloses a device for collecting anode mud pipelines in an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis technology. The device comprises an electrolytic cell; an anode mud discharging hole isformed in the bottom of the electrolytic cell; an anode mud discharging pipe is connected below the anode mud discharging hole; an obliquely arranged anode mud collecting and conveying elephant trunkis arranged below the anode mud discharging pipe; a liquid discharging pipe is arranged below the anode mud collecting and conveying elephant trunk; elephant trunk end flanges are arranged at the high-ordered end and the low-ordered end of the anode mud collecting and conveying elephant trunk; the liquid discharging pipe and an anode mud pit are arranged at the bottom of the anode mud collectingand conveying elephant trunk; and the anode mud collecting and conveying elephant trunk conveys anode mud into the anode mud pit through the liquid discharging pipe. The device is convenient to detach, simple in installation, convenient to overhaul, low in repairing cost and suitable for being popularized and used in society.

The invention belongs to the field of bulk material storage and conveying facilities, and relates to a closed stockyard which comprises a stockpiling device, a material taking device, a stockpiling device walking track, a material taking device walking track, a material input conveyor, a material output conveyor, an unloading platform and a stockyard body which are arranged in a closed storage shed. A plurality of first long holes communicated with the storage yard are formed in the inner side of the discharging platform in the longitudinal direction of the discharging platform, and discharging elephant trunks matched with the long holes are arranged on the inner side of the stacking device. The problem of cross operation interference when the material stacking device and the material taking device are located on the same working face can be avoided; the material storage capacity of the transverse partition wall is further excavated, and when the materials are stacked to the highest position, the ratio of the contact face which is in direct contact with the materials and plays a role in effective supporting is further increased.