The invention discloses an automatic detection device and method for an underwater concrete casting interface. The detection device comprises a probe, a lifting mechanism, a control device and a lifting height detector, the probe comprises a hanging bracket and a balance weight, and the volume weight of the balance weight is equal to that of concrete cast in a concrete casting cavity; a connecting rod is arranged on the upper portion of the balance weight, a trigger switch is arranged in the hanging bracket, and the connecting rod serves as a control rod controlling the trigger switch. The detection method includes the following processes that firstly, the concrete casting interface is detected for the first time, wherein the process includes the first step of lowering the probe and determining the lifting height, and the second step of detecting the concrete casting interface; secondly, the concrete casting interface is detected subsequently, wherein the process includes the first step of lifting the probe, and the second step of lowering the probe, determining the lifting height and detecting the concrete casting interface. The detection device is reasonable in design, easy and convenient to use and operate and good in use effect, the process of automatically detecting the underwater concrete casting interface can be easily, conveniently and rapidly completed, and the detection result is accurate.