The invention discloses a path planning preprocessing data compression method. The method specifically comprises the following steps: 1, preprocessing a road network to obtain a navigation passing path data set R; step 2, setting an initial iteration path data set as the navigation passing path data set R, and setting an initial dictionary D as an empty dictionary; step 3, counting a binary navigation passage sub-path with the highest occurrence frequency, setting the occurrence frequency as N, and judging whether the N is greater than 1 or not; step 4, if the N is greater than 1, defining the binary navigation passage sub-path as a virtual road section, and adding the virtual road section into the dictionary; step 5, performing replacing by using the newly added virtual road section; step 6, updating an iteration condition, and returning to the step 3 to continue the iteration; step 7, stopping the iteration when the N is equal to 1, and storing data in a binary form to complete data compression. According to the method of the invention, space occupation of preprocessed data can be reduced, so that the method is suitable for mobile computing equipment with limited storage space, and the path planning performance of the equipment is improved.