The invention discloses a highway toll data-based energy consumption emission total checking system and method, relates to a highway toll data-based energy consumption emission checking analysis system, and in particular to a system and method for checking energy consumption emission loads in road segments and time periods in a highway path table by utilizing basic data such as highway toll data,a highway road network path table, transportation energy consumption investigation data, an operation vehicle information library and IPCC discharge factor data. According to the method, the basic data is organically associated, a position, in each time period, of each vehicle and an energy consumption emission load, in each road segment, of each vehicle are respectively determined, and finally the positions and the energy consumption emission loads are gathered to obtain an energy consumption emission load of each road segment in each time period in a highway road network.