The invention discloses a regulation, storage and purification system and method for controlling rainwater and sewage confluence overflow pollution. A water inlet gallery comprises a sewage pump station water inlet, a regulation and storage sedimentation tank water inlet, a water storage type ecological filter tank water inlet and an emergency overflow port which are sequentially increased in height, and the water inlet gallery also comprises a regulation and storage sedimentation tank clarification overflow port connected with the water storage type ecological filter tank, so that a gradientline for graded treatment according to rainfall is formed, wherein the gradient line comprises a rain-free or small-rainfall line comprising the water inlet gallery, a sewage pump station and a sewagetreatment plant, a medium rainfall line comprising the water inlet gallery, a regulation and storage sedimentation tank and a sewage treatment plant, a long-time continuous moderate rain line comprising the water inlet gallery, the regulation and storage sedimentation tank, the water storage type ecological filter tank and a natural water body, a heavy rainfall line comprising the water inlet gallery, the water storage type ecological filter and the natural water body, and a rainstorm line comprising the water inlet gallery and an emergency overflow port for overflowing water to the natural water body; a later line comprises all the lines. According to the system, the pollution load of discharged water is greatly reduced under the condition of limited regulation and storage volume, and the system is economical and efficient.