117 results about "Valve timing" patented technology

An intelligent heat pump system autonomously manages thermal regulation in heating and cooling modes using real-time sensor data and adaptive control algorithms. The system comprises a heat pump integrated with components including a supply valve, regulating valve, return valve, and compressor expander, along with multiple sensors configured to monitor temperature and pressure conditions at various points, including the reservoir, cold side, and hot side. A removable memory stores a directive file containing operational parameters, including target temperatures, valve timing, and pressure control data. A control unit with a processor executes firmware modules that include sensor calibration routines, motor and valve control logic, and an adaptive algorithm that continuously compares real-time sensor input against target parameters. Based on deviations, the system dynamically adjusts component operations to regulate refrigerant flow, internal energy, temperature, and pressure, thereby driving the system toward a steady-state thermal condition. This autonomous system ensures efficient performance, enhanced temperature stability, and optimal energy usage across a range of varying environmental conditions.

The invention belongs to the technical field of piston engines, and particularly relates to a variable-volume crankcase which is integrated with a deformable and automatically-recoverable device, a variable-volume cavity is formed in the crankcase through a deformable or slidable diaphragm, and particularly, an elastic reset element is arranged in the upper surface of the device, so that the variable-volume cavity is formed in the crankcase. It is ensured that the diaphragm can stably and regularly move and reset after deforming or sliding; power for deformation or sliding of the diaphragm comes from periodical extrusion of an engine crank to the diaphragm, by correctly matching a volume change curve of the crankcase with an air distribution phase, the volume of the crankcase is enlarged during air inlet, so that negative pressure in the crankcase is increased, the volume of the crankcase is reduced during scavenging, pressure in the crankcase is increased, and the service life of the crankcase is prolonged. The technical problems of insufficient air intake, low scavenging efficiency, power attenuation and the like of a two-stroke piston engine under the low air pressure condition are solved, and a feasible solution is provided for power improvement of a small aero-engine and power recovery in a high-altitude environment.

The invention relates to the technical field of automobile power control, in particular to a self-learning method and device of an engine, a vehicle, a medium and a program product.The method comprises the steps that under the condition that it is detected that the engine is started, if the rotating speed of the engine is within a certain rotating speed interval, the engine is started; and if a rotor of the variable inlet cam timing system of the engine is located at the initial position and the rotor of the variable inlet cam timing system of the engine is located at the initial position, entering a continuous self-learning mode, and collecting camshaft and crankshaft position signals of the variable inlet cam timing system so as to perform phase correction according to the camshaft and crankshaft position signals. Therefore, the problem that the valve timing control effect and the engine performance are affected due to signal deviation or response lag caused by the fact that engine control is conducted depending on fixed parameters or only based on an open-loop adjusting mode in the prior art, long-term operation of the engine and frequent working condition changes in a hybrid power mode are difficult to adapt is solved.

An internal combustion engine (2) of a series hybrid vehicle automatically stops and automatically restarts a combustion operation in response to a power generation request. It is determined whether or not the catalyst temperature is higher than or equal to the activation temperature at the time of a restart request (S1, S2). When the catalyst temperature is higher than or equal to the activation temperature, fuel injection and ignition are started (S8) substantially simultaneously with the start of motoring of the internal combustion engine (S9). If the catalyst temperature is lower than the activation temperature, the valve timing is changed (S3) and the throttle valve opening is increased (S4) so as to increase the volumetric efficiency, and the motoring is started (S5). When an elapsed time t from the start of motoring reaches a required delay time tD (S6, S7), fuel injection and ignition are started (S8).

The invention belongs to the technical field of internal combustion engine power devices, and discloses a double-piston mechanism for an internal combustion engine, which comprises a cylinder body, and more than one cylinder is arranged in the cylinder body; an air inlet seat and an air outlet seat are installed on the upper portion and the lower portion of the cylinder body respectively, an air inlet pipe and an air outlet pipe are arranged in the air inlet seat and the air outlet seat respectively, and an air inlet channel and an air outlet channel are arranged in the air inlet pipe and the air outlet pipe respectively. A control device for gas distribution is arranged at the corresponding position of each cylinder; a high-pressure oil pump is arranged outside the cylinder body, and the high-pressure oil pump is communicated with the oil sprayer through a high-pressure oil pipe; a piston assembly I and a piston assembly II are symmetrically arranged in each cylinder body, and a bevel gear set I and a bevel gear set II which are matched with the piston assembly I and the piston assembly II to transmit power are further arranged in each cylinder body. The power performance of the internal combustion engine can be improved through the two piston assemblies, the device is small in size and light in weight, and single-machine fuel consumption and operation cost are effectively reduced.

The hydraulic oil can be reused without providing a check valve in the oil control valve.SOLUTION: The valve timing adjustment device includes a rotor 20 supported rotatably within a predetermined rotation angle range with respect to a housing 10 rotating together with a crankshaft and transmitting torque from the crankshaft to a cam shaft 70 by rotating together with the housing 10, an advance oil passage 41 supplying and discharging hydraulic pressure to and from an advance hydraulic chamber, a retard oil passage 42 supplying and discharging hydraulic pressure to and from a retard hydraulic chamber, an OCV30 supplying hydraulic pressure to the advance oil passage 41 and the retard oil passage 42 via a supply port 31a, a recycle oil passage 43 provided in the rotor 20 and connecting the advance hydraulic chamber and the retard hydraulic chamber to the supply port 31a, and a check valve 60 provided in the recycle oil passage 43 and communicating the hydraulic pressure side of the advance hydraulic chamber and the retard hydraulic chamber with the supply port 31a.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The electric valve timing control apparatus of the present application controls an electric valve timing apparatus which changes valve timing by changing a relative rotation phase of a camshaft with respect to a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine using a motor coupled to the camshaft, and includes a control section which, when changing the relative rotation phase of the camshaft using the electric valve timing apparatus after a stop process of the internal combustion engine, changes a phase changing method for changing the camshaft from a current phase to a target phase based on a relationship between the current phase and the target phase of the camshaft.

The invention provides an oil path control valve and a valve timing changing device, which can be simplified in structure, low in cost, light in weight, small in size and the like, and can be used for easily positioning and fixing a filter component. This oil passage control valve is provided with: a sleeve having an inner passage that extends in the axial direction and through which hydraulic oil passes, an annular groove formed on the outer periphery, and an opening that penetrates in the radial direction in the region of the annular groove and through which hydraulic oil passes; a valve body slidably accommodated in the internal passage and opening and closing the opening; a band plate-shaped filter member annularly wound around and fixed to the annular groove; and a drive element for driving the valve body, the sleeve including a protruding portion protruding from a bottom surface and a side surface of the annular groove at a position offset from the opening in a region of the annular groove, and the filter member including: a cutout portion locked to the protruding portion at a side portion in a width direction; a filter part facing the opening part; and a joining portion in which both end-side regions overlap.

An intelligent heat pump system autonomously manages thermal regulation in heating and cooling modes using real-time sensor data and adaptive control algorithms. The system comprises a heat pump integrated with components including a supply valve, regulating valve, return valve, and compressor expander, along with multiple sensors configured to monitor temperature and pressure conditions at various points, including the reservoir, cold side, and hot side. A removable memory stores a directive file containing operational parameters, including target temperatures, valve timing, and pressure control data. A control unit with a processor executes firmware modules that include sensor calibration routines, motor and valve control logic, and an adaptive algorithm that continuously compares real-time sensor input against target parameters. Based on deviations, the system dynamically adjusts component operations to regulate refrigerant flow, internal energy, temperature, and pressure, thereby driving the system toward a steady-state thermal condition.

A valve train method for a dual-lift camshaft in a range-extending engine belongs to the field of automotive engine technology. The invention includes the following steps: Cam profile design: designing the cam profile of the camshaft, wherein the cam buffer section adopts a constant acceleration-constant velocity profile, and the cam working section adopts a high-power polynomial cam profile design method to design the first cam profile and the second cam profile respectively; Cam profile correction: using a cam profile dynamic correction method, obtaining the final first target cam profile and the second target cam profile used for machining the camshaft; Operating condition selection and valve drive: selecting the engine's operating point, and driving the valves to open and close according to the corresponding valve motion law through a rocker arm valve train mechanism to achieve valve train operation. This invention can solve the technical problems of existing fixed-lift camshafts in range-extending engines, which cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of economic operating conditions and rated operating conditions, as well as poor NVH performance and high mechanical losses.

The utility model provides an overhead valve guide air inlet type two-stroke engine which solves the problems that waste gas cannot be fully swept away due to the fact that a four-stroke working mode of a traditional overhead valve type engine is improved into a two-stroke working mode, and combustion efficiency and emission performance are poor. According to the technical scheme, the overhead valve guide air inlet type two-stroke engine comprises an engine body set and an air distribution mechanism provided with an overhead valve, an air guide pipe moving along with an air inlet valve rod through a support sleeve is arranged on the air inlet valve rod of the air distribution mechanism, the air guide pipe is close to the head of the air inlet valve, and a front end air outlet is reserved between the front end of the air guide pipe and the head of the air inlet valve. The rear port of the gas-guide tube communicates with the gas inlet channel; an air inlet cam of the air distribution mechanism is provided with an air inlet cam protruding part which pushes the front end of an air guide pipe of an air inlet valve to stretch into an inner cavity of the air cylinder body. By guiding and scavenging the inlet air, the engine can go deep into the cylinder body to purge the combusted waste gas, open the exhaust valve to work and fully sweep the waste gas, so that the scavenging efficiency is greatly improved, and the combustion efficiency and the emission performance are improved.

To provide a control valve which can suppress the enlargement of a valve body by improving an attachment structure of a filter member to a port of the control valve.SOLUTION: A valve body 31 comprises a valve accommodation hoe 31a which is formed along an internal axial direction, and an advance port 37, an introduction port 39, and a retardancy port 38 which are formed side by side in an axial direction. A spool valve has: first and second land parts 32a, 32b which are arranged at an internal peripheral face of the valve accommodation hole so as to be slidable in the axial direction; and a connecting part 32c for connecting the first and second land parts, and smaller in outside diameter than the first and second land parts. A filter member 21 has: a frame part 22 which is fit and held to a fitting groove 40; a filter part 23 arranged at the frame part; and a lock part 24 which is arranged while protruding to the inside from the frame part, and locked to an inside opening edge 39a of the introduction port by an elastic force.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6

A fluid control valve unit includes: a fluid control valve including a sleeve that defines an axis and a spool slidably disposed in the sleeve; a passage member including an inner peripheral surface to which the sleeve is fitted, passages, an annular receiving part facing one end of the sleeve, an opening adjacent to the annular receiving part, and an annular groove formed adjacent to the other end of the sleeve and recessed from the inner peripheral surface; a filter member including an elastic part sandwiched between the one end of the sleeve and the annular receiving part and exerting a biasing force in the axial direction; and a snap ring fitted in the annular groove for receiving the other end of the sleeve and detachably receiving the spool.

To provide a valve timing control device which can release the lock of a vane rotor.SOLUTION: A valve timing control device comprises: a housing having a hole; a vane rotor accommodated in the housing, and rotatable in the housing by hydraulic pressure; a lock pin provided at the vane rotor, opposing the hole, and movable by the hydraulic pressure; and a control part for controlling the hydraulic pressure by controlling an opening of a valve. A position of the vane rotor is locked by the engagement of the lock pin with the hole, the lock is released by the separation of the lock pin from the hole, and the control part controls a rising speed of a duty of the valve on the basis of a rotation number of an internal combustion engine.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

To suppress deterioration of drivability and NV of a vehicle while suppressing deterioration of an internal combustion engine due to low-speed preignition, even when inferior fuel is used.SOLUTION: A controller of an internal combustion engine disclosed herein is a controller of an internal combustion engine comprising a turbocharger and a variable valve mechanism, where, when the number of occurrences of low-speed preignition is equal to or less than a predetermined upper limit and is equal to or larger than a predetermined number that is smaller than the upper limit, valve timing in a predetermined low-speed, high-load range is changed so that the low-speed preignition does not occur, and when the number of occurrences of low-speed preignition exceeds the upper limit, a load factor of the internal combustion engine is limited to a small value.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

The application discloses a timing chain assembling and adjusting device and method of a V-type engine and belongs to the technical field of passenger car engine research and development trial assembling and adjusting, and comprises a layered assembling module, a tensioning chain module and a tightening camshaft sprocket module.The layered assembling module is used for sequentially assembling an oil pump chain set, a left camshaft chain set and a right camshaft chain set and tightening an oil pump sprocket.The tensioning chain module is used for sequentially tensioning the left camshaft chain, the right camshaft chain and the oil pump chain.The tightening camshaft sprocket module is used for tightening a right-row camshaft sprocket, a right-in camshaft sprocket, a left-row camshaft sprocket and a left-in camshaft sprocket in a clockwise direction as a tightening sequence.The camshaft and the crankshaft are simultaneously operated, so that power transmission efficiency attenuation is reduced, valve timing lag is eliminated, engine valve timing precision, engine performance and quality are improved, the failure rate is reduced, maintainability and whole-machine reliability are improved, and the service life of the engine is prolonged.

According to one example, a liquid fuel rocket engine includes: a burner; a liquid fuel tank connected to the burner via a fuel line and a first valve; an oxidizer tank connected to the burner via an oxidizer line and a second valve; a valve controller configured to output a valve control current to the first valve, the valve controller storing instructions for determining at least one actual minimum pulse element of the valve based on a current curve and a voltage curve of a single operation of the first valve, and the valve controller is configured to adjust the valve control to take into account the at least one actual minimum pulse element.

The invention discloses an engine digital valve timing measuring instrument, which relates to the technical field of engines, and comprises a connecting gear, a valve timing measuring device, a valve timing measuring device and a valve timing measuring device, an input shaft of the gear ratio changing mechanism is connected with the connecting gear, and the gear ratio changing mechanism is used for increasing the ratio of the flywheel gear ring and outputting the flywheel gear ring; the counting unit is connected with the output shaft of the gear ratio changing mechanism and used for converting the rotation angle of the output shaft of the gear ratio changing mechanism into a rotation angle signal of a crankshaft of the engine. The number of teeth of the flywheel gear ring is converted according to a certain increase ratio through the gear ratio changing mechanism, if the flywheel gear ring rotates by one circle, the number of turns of the gear driving the output shaft to rotate in the gear ratio changing mechanism is large, the crank angle corresponding to one tooth on the gear is smaller, and the counting unit converts the rotating angle of the output shaft into the crank angle. Compared with the prior art in which the number of teeth of the flywheel gear ring is directly counted, the measurement precision of the crank angle is greatly improved.

A fluid control valve unit includes: a fluid control valve including a sleeve in a bottomed cylindrical shape defining an axis, and a spool slidably accommodated in the sleeve in a direction of the axis; a cylindrical passage member including an inner peripheral surface to which the sleeve is fitted, a receiving part for receiving an end of the sleeve in the direction of the axis, and an annular groove recessed from the inner peripheral surface; and a snap ring including a notch with a predetermined gap and fitted in the annular groove to be capable of restricting the fluid control valve accommodated in the passage member from falling off in the direction of the axis and to be capable of discharging fluid flowing through a discharge passage formed in the passage member.

The invention discloses a side area wide bevel cam shaft system which comprises a cam shaft system body and a hydraulic system driving the cam shaft system body to operate, the cam shaft system body comprises a cam shaft, side area wide bevel cams, a main cylinder barrel and an auxiliary cylinder barrel, and the cam shaft is evenly and fixedly provided with a plurality of side area wide bevel cams; and one end of the cam shaft is slidably mounted in the main cylinder barrel, the other end of the cam shaft is slidably mounted in the auxiliary cylinder barrel, and due to the overall arrangement, the structure is compact, and response is rapid. Dynamic adjustment of valve timing is achieved through unique cam design and axial movement of the cam shaft. According to the scheme, a mechanical structure and a hydraulic system controlled by a motor are combined, so that the performance and efficiency of the engine are optimized. The hydraulic system controlled by the motor accurately controls oil pressure so as to achieve accurate adjustment of the position of the cam shaft.

Drive control device (50) for an internal combustion machine (20), the internal combustion machine comprising a fuel injector (21) configured to inject fuel, an intake timing variation mechanism (22) configured to control the opening / closing of an intake valve provided at an intake port, and an exhaust timing variation mechanism (24) configured to control the opening / closing of an exhaust valve provided at an exhaust port, wherein the drive control device comprises: a valve timing control unit (56) configured to perform a wetting reduction control to control at least one of the intake timing variation mechanism and the exhaust timing variation mechanism to reduce a fuel wetting quantity, which is a quantity of fuel adhering to a wall surface of the internal combustion machine facing an injection field in which the fuel is to be injected, by means of a counterflow blown back to the intake port when a request is made to reduce the fuel wetting quantity during a start of the internal combustion machine, wherein the valve timing control unit is configured to to execute no control other than the wetting reduction control in order to avoid advancing the intake valve opening timing before top dead center of the internal combustion engine's exhaust point during the first stroke after the internal combustion engine's start-up, and to implement the control as the wetting reduction control in order to advance the valve opening timing of the intake valve before the top dead center of the exhaust of the internal combustion engine during a second and later stroke after the start of the internal combustion engine.

The present invention provides a valve timing control device that suppresses relative rotational phase displacement when the engine is stopped, thereby enabling rapid displacement to a target phase during engine startup. The valve timing control device includes a driving-side rotor A, a driven-side rotor B, gear mechanisms 25 and 30, an electric motor M capable of displacing the meshing position of the gear mechanisms 25 and 30 by rotating a rotational shaft Ma, and a control unit 10a for controlling the drive of the electric motor M. After the engine E stops, the control unit 10a intermittently energizes one phase of the electric motor M for a specified period of time.

A method for moving a vehicle in a reverse direction is provided. The method includes: providing an internal combustion engine, a transmission, and an electric machine; adjusting a valve timing of either an intake valve or an exhaust valve during a non-firing mode of the internal combustion engine to reduce a rotational resistance; and, rotating the internal combustion in a backwards or reverse direction so that the vehicle moves in a reverse direction.

This invention discloses a variable timing device for a diesel engine intake valve, comprising a housing, an upper push rod, a lower push rod, a spring, a roller, and a hydraulic unit. The upper end of the housing has an oil inlet, an oil outlet, and a return oil outlet, and the middle of the housing has a transverse lubricating oil channel. The upper push rod is located in the oil chamber at the upper end of the housing, with a piston in the middle of the upper push rod positioned between the oil inlet and the oil outlet. The lower push rod is located in the cavity at the lower end of the housing, opposite to the upper push rod. The spring is fitted onto the middle of the lower push rod, and the roller is located in a groove at the bottom of the lower push rod, with its outer ring supported on the outer contour of the cam on the camshaft. The hydraulic unit is located on one side of the upper end of the housing. This invention adopts a two-section structure for the intake push rod, and the return oil path is controlled by a two-position, one-way solenoid valve. This allows for both normal intake timing and delayed intake timing during valve timing, achieving precise control of the valve opening and closing with high accuracy and stability.

A method and system for controlling a valving arrangement in a fluid converter are provided. The valving arrangement includes electronically controlled valves that regulate fluid flow to and from fluid chambers within the converter. The system monitors predefined parameters, including working fluid parameters and shaft rotational parameters, to dynamically adjust valve timing and control fluid flow. This enables precise control over the fluid converter's operation, allowing it to respond effectively to changing demands and operating conditions. The invention also encompasses the valving arrangement itself and a fluid power system incorporating multiple fluid converters and a shared valving arrangement.

The invention discloses an engine starting failure fault positioning method, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of engine starting, and the method comprises a starting abnormity initial detection stage, a fault identification stage, a processing and alarm stage and a prevention self-detection stage; the fault recognition stage comprises the steps that a fault cylinder is determined according to the size relation between the actual pressure value in each air cylinder and a preset pressure value; and judging whether the current fault is a valve timing fault or not according to the abnormal noise signal of the fault cylinder. By setting a starting abnormity initial detection stage, a fault identification stage, a processing and alarming stage and a prevention self-detection stage, faults in an engine cylinder can be accurately judged. Meanwhile, the fault cylinder is determined according to the size relation between the actual pressure value in each cylinder and the preset pressure value, whether the current fault is the valve timing fault or not is judged according to the abnormal noise signal of the fault cylinder, whether the valve timing fault exists in the cylinder or not can be further accurately judged, and the judgment accuracy is improved.

Method for a machine, comprising: Indicating cylinder-to-cylinder imbalance based on each of the exhaust air-fuel ratio (LAMavg) estimated by an exhaust gas sensor (126), the exhaust manifold pressure (Pavg) estimated by a pressure sensor (124), and the individual cylinder torque (TQavg) estimated by a crankshaft torque sensor (200, 210); wherein the indicating based on the exhaust air-fuel ratio (LAMavg) is based on the exhaust air-fuel ratio (LAMavg) weighted with a first confidence factor (c1), the indicating based on the exhaust manifold pressure (Pavg), based on exhaust pressure weighted by a second confidence factor (c2), and specifying based on individual cylinder torque (TQavg) based on the individual cylinder torque (TQavg) weighted by a third confidence factor (c3); further comprising calculating a combined imbalance parameter based on the weighted exhaust air-fuel ratio (LAMavg), the weighted exhaust manifold pressure (Pavg), and the weighted individual cylinder torque (TQavg) for each engine cylinder; and by means of a control device (12) provided with computer-readable instructions stored in a non-volatile memory, Determining a first confidence factor (c1) of the estimated exhaust gas air-fuel ratio (LAMavg) based on fuel type, Determining a second confidence factor (c2) of the estimated exhaust pressure based on valve timing, Determining a third confidence factor (c3) of the estimated individual Cylinder torque (TQavg) based on exhaust temperature, indicating cylinder-to-cylinder imbalance based on two or more of the estimated exhaust air-fuel ratio (LAMavg) weighted by the first confidence factor (c1), the estimated exhaust manifold pressure (Pavg) weighted by the second confidence factor (c2) and the estimated individual cylinder torque (TQavg) weighted by the third confidence factor (c3), and applying an air-fuel ratio correction to one or more cylinders (30) based on the indication.

The invention relates to a valve mechanism with adjustable cam profiles, which comprises a multi-profile cam shaft, and the multi-profile cam shaft drives a valve to move through a valve adjusting lever, an oil plug, a hydraulic switch and a spring. The position of the air distribution adjusting lever on the cylinder cover is determined through the oil distribution shaft and the fixed base and is fastened through a fixing bolt. The air distribution adjusting lever is communicated with the supporting body engine oil channel through the oil receiving disc and the sealing rubber ring and plays a role. According to the valve timing mechanism with the adjustable cam profile, adjustment of various cam profiles can be achieved, the valve timing requirements under different working conditions are met, the working process of an engine can be flexibly adjusted under the different working conditions, and economical efficiency and emission performance are improved; and meanwhile, the adjustment of continuous gas distribution parameters is converted into the adjustment of a few cam profiles, so that the complexity of an engine control system is greatly reduced, and the usability of the mechanism is improved.

The embodiment of the invention provides a signal acquisition method, device and equipment and a storage medium, relates to the field of reciprocating machines, and is used for acquiring a full-period signal of a reciprocating machine which comprises a first air cylinder. The method comprises the steps that first envelope energy of multiple impacts of the reciprocating machine is determined based on an envelope curve of a first vibration signal of a cylinder cover of a first air cylinder in an angular domain in a double-cycle mode and a first standard valve timing table of the reciprocating machine; determining a second envelope energy for the plurality of impacts based on the envelope curve and a second valve timing meter lagging a target angle relative to the first valve timing meter; based on the magnitude relation between the first total energy and the second total energy, the occurrence condition of the phase shifting phenomenon is determined, the first total energy is the sum of the first envelope energy, and the second total energy is the sum of the second envelope energy; and intercepting a single-cycle second vibration signal from the first vibration signal based on the occurrence condition. Therefore, the accurate cylinder cover angular domain full-period signal can be obtained.

To provide a control valve capable of reducing the size of a cam bearing, and adjusting a tightening torque between a male thread part and a female thread part to the required size for a desired axial force.SOLUTION: A control valve comprises a cylindrical valve body 27 in which a plurality of retard ports 34 and advance ports 35 are formed, and a spool valve 29 that is axially movable in a valve hole 27a formed inside the valve body. The valve body has: a large diameter part 27e where a shaft part 27c is within an axial movement range of the spool valve; and a small diameter part 27f that is outside the movement range of the spool valve, has a smaller outer diameter than the large diameter part, and has a male thread part 27h formed on its outer periphery. The valve body has a cylindrical inner peripheral convex part 51 that protrudes inward in an axial range that radially overlaps with the male thread part on the inner periphery of the small diameter part.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6