The invention belongs to the technical field of amorphous alloy composite materials, and particularly discloses a mixed phase reinforced zirconium-based amorphous composite material and a preparation method thereof. The composition expression of the composite material is (ZrCuAl<c>)<d>Ta<e>, a = b is larger than or equal to 0.46 and smaller than or equal to 0.475, c is larger than or equal to 0.05 and smaller than or equal to 0.08, and a + b + c is equal to 1; d and e are atomic percent, d is larger than or equal to 92 and smaller than 100, e is larger than 0 and smaller than or equal to 8, and d + e is equal to 100; and a matrix of the composite material is zirconium-based amorphous alloy, a reinforcing phase is a mixed phase of a core-shell structure, a Ta-rich phase is the core of the mixed phase, and a B2-CuZr phase and a B19 '-CuZr phase are the shell of the mixed phase. According to the mixed phase reinforced zirconium-based amorphous composite material and the preparation method thereof, the size of the B2-CuZr phase in the zirconium-based amorphous composite material is successfully refined, uniform distribution of the B2-CuZr phase is achieved, meanwhile, a core-shell mixed complex composite structure is introduced, the room-temperature comprehensive mechanical property of the zirconium-based amorphous composite material is further improved, and the application prospect of zirconium-based amorphous materials is expanded.