The invention relates to the technical field of infrared spectrum detection, in particular to a portable near-infrared spectrum detection system. The portable near-infrared spectrum detection system comprises a shell, a collection window, detection light sources, a light-splitting device and a detector, and the collection window, the detection light sources, the light-splitting device and the detector are sequentially installed in the shell; a converter and a power supply device are further installed in the shell, the output end of the detector is connected with the input end of the converter, and the power supply device is connected with the detection light sources, the detector and a controller; the portable near-infrared spectrum detection system further comprises a sample pool which is installed on the collection window, the sample pool comprises a sampling part and a fixing seat, a cavity is formed in the sampling part, an opening is formed in one end of the sampling part, and the other end of the sampling part is movably connected in the fixing seat; a piston is arranged at the opening, the sampling part is movably connected in the fixing seat, and the fixing seat is fixedly installed on the collection window. According to the portable near-infrared spectrum detection system, on the condition that the size and weight of equipment are not increased, the detection precision is greatly improved, and the problem that a model is difficult to move is solved.