574 results about "Molten glass" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of non-electrical variable control, in particular to a digital visual control system and method for a glass bottle production line. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring digital image data of molten glass; molten glass bubble distribution is identified based on the molten glass digital image data, the quality state of the molten glass is evaluated, and micro-defect distribution map data is generated; collecting the internal temperature of the smelting furnace through a temperature sensor array, and constructing a three-dimensional temperature field distribution model of the smelting furnace; and predictively optimizing and adjusting the heating control parameters of the smelting furnace based on the three-dimensional temperature field distribution model of the smelting furnace, and generating a regional heating power distribution strategy. According to the invention, through fusion of a plurality of advanced technologies, accurate sensing and whole-process linkage control of the molten glass state are realized, intelligence, quality uniformity and process visualization level of glass bottle production are significantly improved, and glass manufacturing is promoted to develop towards the intelligent and efficient direction.

The invention discloses high-strength high-temperature-resistant fireproof industrial glass and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing. The industrial glass is prepared from the following raw materials: silicon dioxide, boric oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, niobium phosphate, a composite reinforcing component and a clarifying agent, the composite reinforcing component is prepared from hafnium oxide, gadolinium oxide and zinc oxide; the clarifying agent is obtained by mixing cerium dioxide and tin oxide. The preparation method of the industrial glass comprises the following steps: preparing functional components, melting glass, forming a glass substrate, and preparing the industrial glass. The prepared industrial glass is high in strength, good in high-temperature stability and excellent in fireproof performance.

The invention relates to the technical field of glass bottle preparation, and discloses an energy-saving glass bottle small opening pressing and blowing device and method.The energy-saving glass bottle small opening pressing and blowing device comprises a mounting bottom plate and further comprises a transverse blowing unit arranged on the mounting bottom plate; the transverse blowing unit comprises a mold rotating part and a blowing rotating part which are arranged on the mounting bottom plate; by arranging the rotatable transverse mold barrel and the transfer barrel, when the transfer barrel injects high-pressure gas into molten glass through the pressing and blowing groove, the molten glass can be driven to continuously rotate at a high speed, and a bottle body of the molten glass is in a uniform state and consistent in thickness in the blowing process through centrifugal force generated by high-speed rotation; and under the action of centrifugal force, internal molten glass can be assisted to move towards the outer side, so that the blowing time is effectively shortened, the production efficiency of glass bottles is improved, and the energy consumption in the production process is reduced.

To provide glass fiber yarn and a method for manufacturing the same.SOLUTION: A method for manufacturing glass fiber yarn comprises a coating step of coating a molybdenum compound on the surfaces of inorganic particles to form the surface-treated inorganic particles; a sintering step of sintering the surface-treated inorganic particles on a temperature condition of 400 to 1,000°C in a nitrogen gas atmosphere; a mixture step of mixing the surface-treated inorganic particles into a molten glass raw material; and a spinning step of spinning the molten glass raw material including the surface-treated inorganic particles to form glass fiber yarns.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention discloses a low-glass-phase fused zirconia corundum brick with a special structure and a preparation method thereof. The fused zirconia corundum brick comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: greater than or equal to 32.5% of ZrO2, less than or equal to 15% of SiO2, less than or equal to 1.4% of K2O + Na2O + CaO + MgO, and the balance of Al2O3 and inevitable impurities. In addition, the content of a glass phase of the fused zirconia corundum brick is smaller than or equal to 20%, and the glass phase is divided into discontinuous blocky areas by a corundum phase in a microstructure. By optimizing the raw material ratio and the casting process, a unique microstructure is formed in the fused zirconia corundum brick, the glass phase of the fused zirconia corundum brick is uniformly divided into discontinuous areas by a dendritic corundum phase, coarse baddeleyite grains are accompanied around the discontinuous areas, the viscosity of the glass phase is remarkably improved by the structure, the flow connectivity of the fused zirconia corundum brick is effectively limited, and the fused zirconia corundum brick has good heat resistance. The product has excellent characteristics of high glass phase exudation temperature and low exudation amount, the product is particularly suitable for flame space parts of the glass melting furnace, pollution to molten glass can be avoided due to the low glass phase exudation characteristic of the product, the quality of the glass product can be improved, and the service life of the furnace can be prolonged.

The invention discloses a one-kiln two-line production process for energy-saving glass, and relates to the technical field of energy-saving glass plate production. A shunting pressure stabilizing chamber, a central partition wall and an electromagnetic-platinum combined stirring device are arranged at the tail end of a melting furnace, and are matched with prolonging of clarification residence time and a microbubble bubbling device, so that a highly uniform temperature field and component distribution can be obtained before molten glass enters a feeding channel, and bubbles and inclusions are fully eliminated. By means of the collaborative measure, the melt cleanliness is remarkably improved, optical defects such as stripes, stones and white points in the subsequent forming process are greatly reduced, and the appearance and the physical strength of a finished product are more reliable. By means of the Y-shaped double feeding channels and the independent temperature control tin bath, ultra-thin glass and medium-thickness glass can be produced at the same time in the same melting furnace and do not interfere with each other. The main line focuses on the flatness and the optical quality of the energy-saving glass of the building curtain wall, and the branch line focuses on the thickness control and the surface smoothness of the ultrathin energy-saving glass.

The invention relates to the technical field of glass bottle production, in particular to a three-dimensional simulation design method and system for a light-weight glass bottle production digital mold. The method comprises the following steps: constructing a digital mold geometric model for a glass bottle mold; a bubble escape priority path is identified according to the digital mold geometric model, and a glass bottle digital simulation model is constructed; executing molten glass flow-heat transfer-bubble evolution coupling simulation based on the glass bottle digital simulation model to extract a potential bubble nucleation and aggregation area; calculating a bubble defect tendency value of the potential bubble nucleation and aggregation area, and performing glass bottle production defect space mapping to generate a glass bottle production defect risk area; differentiated defect risk optimization is carried out on the glass bottle production defect risk area, so that the production design requirement of the light-weight glass bottle is met. According to the invention, through bubble escape path identification and three-dimensional coupling simulation, accurate positioning and differential optimization of the bubble defect risk of the glass bottle are realized.

The invention discloses tellurium-lead-lithium oxide glass powder for BC battery N-region conductive paste and a preparation method of the tellurium-lead-lithium oxide glass powder, and belongs to the field of photovoltaic silver paste. The glass powder is prepared from components with high contents of Pb, Te and Li as follows: aTeO2-bPbO-cLi2O-dBi2O3-eWO3-fZnO-gSiO2-hNa2O, and the glass powder is prepared from components with high contents of Pb, Te and Li; wherein a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h = 1, 0.2 lt; a < lt >; 0.1 1t, 0.4, 0.1 1t; blt; 0.1 1t, 0.4, 0.1 1t; clt; ct; 0.25, 0 lt; dlt; 0.1, 0 lt; lt, lt; 0.1, 0 lt; flt; 0.1, 0 lt; glt; 0.1, 0 lt; hlt; 0.05, a + b > 0.5, and the ratio of c to h is (3-10): 1. Through specific Pb, Te and Li content control and a specific Li / Na ratio, a strong corrosion effect on a poly layer of a battery piece is achieved, more silver ions dissolved in molten glass can be recrystallized on the surface of a silicon wafer, and thus good ohmic contact is achieved.

The present disclosure provides optical glass, a method for preparing same and use thereof. The method includes the steps of: (1) weighing raw materials, and mixing them uniformly, the optical glass includes, in terms of the mass percentage of oxides: 40-50% La2O3, 15-25% Nb2O5, 10-20% Gd2O3, 5-10% GeO2, 5-10% B2O3, 1-6% TiO2, and 0.1-1% K2O; and (2) melting a mixed batch to obtain molten glass, and then introducing a gas into the molten glass for atmosphere bubbling, wherein the gas includes an inert gas and a reducing gas; the inert gas has a specific gravity greater than that of air at the same temperature and gas pressure; and the reducing gas makes the molten glass have a redox index of −120 to −5; after stopping the bubbling, homogenizing the molten glass to be clarified with stirring. The technical problem to be solved is how to provide a method for preparing optical glass that allows the obtained optical glass to have not only a high refractive index but also a high light transmittance in a visible light region, thereby facilitating promotion and use.

The invention relates to high-strength and high-transparency nano glass ceramic and a preparation method and application thereof, and the high-strength and high-transparency nano glass ceramic is prepared from a synthetic aluminum-rich feldspar ceramic glass material, a beta-spodumene material, a cordierite material, a synthetic beta-dicalcium silicate material and a magnesium aluminate spinel material. According to the present invention, a stable-structure feldspar matrix glass is adopted as a main body precursor mineral material, zirconia micro-powder with a particle size of less than 10 nm is adopted as a nucleation agent and a micro-crack damping pinning agent, nanometer microcrystals with a particle size of less than 100 nm are controlled to be generated in a glass body formed after melting, and the nanometer microcrystals account for 50-95% by volume; the high-strength and high-transparency nanocrystalline glass with a uniform microstructure is formed and woven with matrix glass in a symbiotic manner. The prepared nano microcrystalline glass has the advantages of high hardness, high fracture toughness resistance and high light transmittance, and is suitable for manufacturing various optical glass.

The invention belongs to the technical field of glass industry, and relates to a method for calculating distribution of electrical parameters of molten glass in an advanced-generation substrate glass gas-electric kiln. Comprising the following steps: setting process boundary conditions of kiln operation; simulating an operation state of the kiln under a set boundary condition by adopting simulation software, equally dividing molten glass in the kiln into a plurality of layers along a vertical height direction, and acquiring temperature distribution data of each layer; based on the temperature distribution data of each layer, determining the resistivity corresponding to each layer of molten glass according to a temperature-resistivity fitting relationship; calculating the resistance of each layer of molten glass based on the resistivity corresponding to each layer of molten glass and in combination with the electrode spacing and sectional area corresponding to each layer of molten glass; and constructing each layer of molten glass into a parallel circuit model, and calculating the current and power of each layer of molten glass according to the loading voltage and resistance. According to the method, accurate quantification and optimal control of the electric heating parameters of the molten glass in the kiln are realized, and the method is suitable for production process optimization of high-generation large-size substrate glass.

The invention provides a preparation method and device of Bi2O3-B2O3 inverse magnetic rotation glass, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) placing a glass raw material in a closed heating furnace, introducing ultra-dry oxygen, and simultaneously exhausting outwards to enable the pressure in the furnace body to be P1 which is more than or equal to 1kPa and less than or equal to 5kPa; (2) heating to melt the glass raw material in the furnace body into molten glass, raising the temperature to a clarification temperature, introducing the mixed gas into the molten glass by a bubbling method, simultaneously homogenizing and stirring, and stopping introducing the mixed gas and starting defoaming and stirring when the homogenizing and stirring time reaches t1; wherein the mixed gas comprises ultra-dry oxygen and boron trichloride, the volume ratio of the ultra-dry oxygen to the boron trichloride is k, and k is (1-5): 1; (3) cooling, forming, annealing and pouring; in the step (2) and the step (3), the pressure in the furnace body is kept P1. The Bi2O3-B2O3 diamagnetic optical rotation glass prepared by the method disclosed by the invention is stable in magneto-optical performance and low in hydroxyl absorption coefficient in a middle-infrared band.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a high-strength glass insulator, and belongs to the technical field of electrical equipment materials, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a glass matrix material: mixing 65-75% by weight of SiO2, 10-25% by weight of Al2O3, 5-8% by weight of B2O3, 3-5% by weight of CaO, 1-3% by weight of Na2O and 1-2% by weight of MgO, and melting to form molten glass; and S2, gradient heat treatment: injecting the molten glass into a mold for molding, and sequentially carrying out treatment in three stages of annealing at the high temperature of 650-700 DEG C, slow cooling at the medium temperature of 400-450 DEG C and stabilizing at the low temperature of 200-250 DEG C. The compressive strength is greater than or equal to 500 MPa, and the insulation resistance is greater than or equal to 1000 G omega.cm.

This application relates to apparatus and methods for roll forming of high-refractive-index glass sheets. The method of forming a glass sheet includes: (a) forming a glass ribbon from molten glass using a pair of forming rollers; (b) reducing the horizontal temperature variation of the glass ribbon over 80% of its entire width before cooling to the glass transition temperature to 10°C or less; (c) controlling the cooling rate of the glass ribbon as it moves longitudinally downward in the solidification zone such that the glass ribbon has a first average cooling rate before cooling to the glass transition temperature and a second average cooling rate after cooling to the glass transition temperature, the first average cooling rate being less than the second average cooling rate; and (d) separating the glass sheet from the glass ribbon.

[Problem] To provide a gob feeding device capable of predicting gob quality defects. [Solution] A gob feeding device 1 comprises: a cooling device 26 that sprays a coolant at an upper funnel 22; a gob timing sensor 34A that detects a gob timing, which is the timing at which a gob G falls from each of a plurality of passage members 25 into a corresponding blank mold 5, and a gob length, which is the vertical length of the gob at said timing; a glass temperature sensor 36 that detects the temperature of molten glass in a forehearth 2; and a gob monitoring device 37 that monitors the state of gobs falling from the plurality of passage members into corresponding blank molds. The gob monitoring device infers the state of a gob on the basis of at least the gob timing, the gob length, and the temperature of the molten glass in the forehearth, and reports the state of the gob.

This invention discloses a method and system for monitoring the liquid glass level in a furnace during substrate glass preparation, belonging to the field of substrate glass manufacturing technology. It solves the technical problem that existing technologies cannot achieve real-time monitoring and adjustment of the liquid glass level in a substrate glass furnace to ensure its stability. The method involves collecting weighing data of glass powder and substrate glass, and calculating the theoretical height of the liquid glass level in the furnace. Subsequently, a glass volume conversion coefficient is set, and the actual liquid glass level is manually measured. The theoretical and actual liquid glass levels are compared to correct the volume conversion coefficients for melting glass powder and substrate glass. By comparing the difference between the theoretical and target liquid glass levels, the feeding frequency of the feeding system is adjusted, thereby achieving adjustment and stability of the liquid glass level in the substrate glass furnace.

There is provided a system for controlling the shape of molten glass, the system comprising: a feeder; a burner configured to generate a flame; and an edge guide. The feeder defines an interior space and a slot proximate a bottom portion of the feeder. The interior space is connected to the slot, and the interior space receives molten glass such that the molten glass exits the feeder at the slot. An edge guide is positioned relative to the slot. Each edge guide includes a body portion defining a first interior cavity and a contact portion configured to contact molten glass. The edge guide is positioned such that the contact portion is at least partially immersed within the molten glass and such that the contact portion controls the shape of the molten glass. Heat from the generated flame causes the molten glass proximate the edge director to have a first viscosity that is greater than a second viscosity proximate a central portion of the molten glass.

To provide an at least partially electric glass furnace suitable for melting vitrifiable materials. [Solution] The present invention relates to an at least partially electric glass furnace (1), comprising a melting tank (2) made of refractory material suitable for containing a bath (3) of molten vitrifiable material, and a plurality of electrodes (An, Bn, Cn, Dn) supplied with alternating current by an electrical installation (4) for heating the bath (3), the electrical installation (4) comprising at least one transformer (6) adapted to generate a plurality of single-phase output groups having a phase difference between each output group, each output being connected to at least one of the electrodes (An, Bn, Cn, Dn) by a single-phase conductor (7) for generating a first magnetic field (B1), and including a device arranged in the first magnetic field capable of generating a counter magnetic field.

A glass melting apparatus, such as a submerged combustion melter, has a housing that includes at least one wall, which may be liquid cooled. The wall includes an inner composite layer that faces an interior chamber of the melting apparatus and, in operation of the apparatus, contacts molten glass. The inner composite layer is comprised of a composite material that includes glass and clay and, additionally, may further include one or more of a refractory material, reinforcing fibers, an adhesion agent, or an atomizing agent. The wall of the housing may be provided by a plurality of panels with each panel providing a portion of the inner composite layer. A method of making the composite material from a castable material, which may be an aqueous slurry that includes water and a solids mixture, is also disclosed.

A sealed fully automatic photovoltaic glass calendering forming method and apparatus. A calendering and conveying system calenders molten glass and then conveys same into a closed space, the molten glass is enabled to pass through each heat preservation zone, and under the combined action of each heat preservation zone and a cooling system, the temperature of the molten glass gradually decreases to form a glass ribbon having a certain thickness. By means of the method, the ambient temperature around a calendering apparatus can be effectively lowered, thereby effectively prolonging the service life of electronic components on the calendering apparatus. A console controls each driving system on the calendering apparatus to move, and detection assemblies collect movement data and feed back same to the console, so that initial parameters of glass can be quickly optimized, process parameter databases can be established, and commissioning and calibration of the apparatus can be quickly completed. The present invention can greatly reduce the difficulty and cost of early-stage commissioning, effectively improve the production efficiency and the control accuracy, and ensure the production quality of photovoltaic glass.

The invention relates to the technical field of solid waste harmless and recycling equipment, in particular to a gradient temperature pyrolysis-melting vitrification integrated treatment device and process for red mud. According to the device, an electromagnetic heating rotary kiln pyrolysis section and an electrode melting section are directly coupled with a material transfer device through high-temperature atmosphere isolation. The process comprises the following steps: granulating red mud, a reducing agent and a flux, feeding into a rotary kiln of which the temperature is accurately controlled by multiple groups of electromagnetic induction coils in a partitioned manner, and sequentially completing dehydration, selective reduction and iron particle polymerization to produce gt; high-temperature pyrolysis slag at 1000 DEG C; the pyrolysis slag directly falls into an electric melting pool to complete melting and iron-slag liquid phase separation under absolute isolation of reducing atmosphere and oxidizing atmosphere by the device, and pig iron and a stable glass body are respectively obtained. Through the design of'hot slag direct melting 'and'energy closed loop', the problems of high energy consumption and complex flow of the traditional process are solved, and efficient recovery of iron resources in the red mud and thorough harmless and high-valued utilization of the residues are realized.

A system for forming a glass ribbon is provided, comprising a glass molded body for forming glass and a first laser module. The glass molded body is configured to allow molten glass to flow along the surface of the glass molded body to form a glass ribbon. The glass ribbon defines a first surface having a width extending from a first edge to a second edge. The first laser module is configured to generate a first laser beam scanned at least partially along the width of the first surface within a first scanning angle range to apply heat to assist in controlling the thickness of the glass ribbon. The direction of the first laser beam facing the first center within the first scanning angle range strikes the first surface at a first center strike angle that is not perpendicular to the first surface.

A method for manufacturing a glass article is provided with a melting step in which a first glass starting material (Gr1) is heated and melted in a melting furnace (1) using combustion heating while the first glass starting material (Gr1) is supplied onto molten glass (Gm) in the melting furnace (1), thereby generating molten glass. In the melting step, fuel is burned in a state in which a portion of the first glass starting material (Gr1) is scattered in the melting furnace (1).

The invention relates to a continuous cold crown induction glass melter. An inductive glass melting system for producing glass includes a vertical melting tank to contain batch material for melting and molten glass. The system also includes a batch material feeder for feeding batch material to the melting tank at a top side of the melting tank, and a glass melt outlet for discharging the resulting glass melt at a bottom side of the melting tank. The system includes a multi-zone heating system having a plurality of induction coils around the perimeter of the melting tank to independently heat a plurality of heating zones vertically along the height of the melting tank. The system comprises in-situ monitoring and realizes a continuous cold crown melting process.

The invention provides equipment and a process for producing float glass, and relates to the technical field of float glass production.The process comprises the steps that molten glass is continuously input into a tin bath, and the tin bath is filled with molten tin; the glass liquid input into the tin bath floats on the upper surface of the tin liquid; carbon-containing gas is input into a carbon film forming pipe, carbon films are formed through thermal decomposition, and the carbon films are attached to the wall of a tin bath and the surface of traction equipment; collecting glass tape data, and judging whether the glass tape is in a normal state; based on the state of the glass tape, a traction instruction is generated, traction equipment is controlled to pull the glass tape according to the traction instruction, and the glass tape moves outwards from the inside of the tin bath through the traction equipment. By forming the carbon film on the tin bath wall and the surface of the traction equipment, the property of the surface of the traction equipment is changed, molten glass or oxide thereof is prevented from being attached to the tin bath wall and the traction equipment, and the risk that the glass tape is broken due to the fact that protrusions or tips scratch the glass tape is reduced.

This utility model discloses an electrode brick structure for a substrate glass melting furnace, relating to the technical field of glass electric melting furnaces. It includes a furnace body and an oxy-fuel combustion system. The oxy-fuel combustion system includes an oxygen supply mechanism and a heating mechanism. The heating mechanism includes an electrode brick, a support assembly, and a propulsion assembly. A slot is formed on the side of the furnace body, and the electrode brick is slidably disposed within the slot. Both the support assembly and the propulsion assembly are fixedly connected to the furnace body, with the support assembly located at the bottom end of the slot and abutting against the electrode brick. The propulsion assembly is used to push the electrode brick to slide within the slot. During the operation of the substrate glass melting furnace, by setting up the propulsion assembly, when the electrode brick's heating power decreases due to erosion, it can be further pushed into the furnace, maintaining effective contact with the molten glass, continuously providing sufficient heating power, ensuring stable operation of the glass melting furnace, and avoiding the impact of insufficient power on glass production quality and efficiency.

The utility model belongs to the field of milky white glass melting equipment, and particularly relates to a large milky white glass electric melting furnace, which comprises a top inserting electrode and a melting cavity, the top inserting electrode is inserted into the upper end of the melting cavity, and the large milky white glass electric melting furnace is characterized in that a melt flow channel is arranged on one side of the melting cavity and is perpendicular to the horizontal plane; the inlet end of the melt flow channel is located below the liquid outlet end, the bottom of the melting cavity is communicated with an inlet of the melt flow channel through a connecting channel, a slag discharging hole is formed in the junction of the connecting channel and the melt flow channel, and an outlet of the slag discharging hole is formed downwards. According to the electric melting furnace, molten glass at the lower part of the melting cavity can be stably homogenized and clarified, the product quality is obviously improved, the slag discharging hole can be prevented from being blocked, and the slag discharging effect is improved.

The invention belongs to the field of fine chemical engineering and the technical field of low-temperature co-fired ceramics, and discloses inner electrode copper paste for low-temperature co-fired ceramics as well as a preparation method and application of the inner electrode copper paste. The method comprises the following steps: adding ascorbic acid, polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone into ethanol, carrying out oil bath stirring to obtain an organic coating solution, and then adding copper powder to prepare copper powder coated with a polyvinylpyrrolidone film; the preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing mixed powder from silicon dioxide, boric acid, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and copper oxide, sintering at 1200-1500 DEG C to prepare molten glass, and carrying out water quenching on the molten glass to obtain borosilicate glass powder; mixing a solvent, a binder, a thixotropic agent, an additive A and the like to prepare an organic carrier; and magnetically stirring the copper powder coated with the polyvinylpyrrolidone film, the glass powder, the organic carrier and the additive B, and grinding and leveling by using a three-roller mill to obtain the inner electrode conductive copper paste. The conductive copper paste prepared by the method has the performance of preserving heat for a long time at a relatively high temperature, and is good in printing performance and excellent in conductivity.

A method for producing a flat thin glass ribbon is provided. The method includes the steps of drawing melted glass downward away from a tank in a pulling direction while applying tensile forces which act in the pulling direction to form the thin glass ribbon having a thickness of at most 250 μm and cooling the thin glass ribbon until a temperature of the thin glass ribbon undershoots a glass transition temperature. The tensile forces are transferred to the thin glass ribbon by at least two pairs of drawing rollers. The at least two pairs of drawing rollers are spaced apart transversely to the pulling direction and contact the thin glass ribbon on longitudinal edges of the thin glass ribbon. The thin glass ribbon only makes contact with the at least two pairs of drawing rollers at a position where the temperature of the thin glass ribbon is at most at or below 500° C.

A method for melting and / or refining glass, glass ceramic or glass which can be ceramized to form glass ceramic includes: providing a batch of raw materials; heating the batch until a melt of molten glass is obtained, the batch being heated at least in sections to a temperature above T3 which corresponds to a viscosity of the molten glass of 103 dPa*s; refining the melt, the melt being heated at least in sections to a temperature above T2.5 which corresponds to a viscosity of the molten glass of 102.5 dPa*s, refining of the melt includes adjusting an oxygen partial pressure p(O2) which is reduced by at least 60% relative to an O2 saturation in the melt at temperature T3; and obtaining a re-fined glass, a refined glass ceramic or a refined glass which can be ceramized to form glass ceramic.