2647 results about "Cooling rates" patented technology

It is an object of the present invention to provide a wafer prober wafer holder that is highly rigid and increases the heat insulating effect, thereby improving positional accuracy, thermal uniformity, and chip temperature ramp-up and cooling rates, as well as a wafer prober device equipped therewith.

A wafer holder of the present invention includes a chuck top that mounts a wafer, and a support member that supports the chuck top, wherein, a restricting member is provided that covers an interface between the chuck top and the support member. By covering the gap between the chuck top and the support member with the restricting member, the heat insulating effect can be increased by preventing the flow of outside air through the gap into the support member, and the cooling rate can be particularly improved if cooling to a temperature below room temperature.

The invention provides a thin high-strength hot-rolled steel sheet with a thickness of not more than 3.5 mm which has excellent stretch flangeability and high uniformity in both shape and mechanical properties of the steel sheet, as well as a method of producing the hot-rolled steel sheet. A slab containing C: 0.05-0.30 wt %, Si: 0.03-1.0 wt %, Mn: 1.5-3.5 wt %, P: not more than 0.02 wt %, S: not more than 0.005 wt %, Al: not more than 0.150 wt %, N: not more than 0.0200 wt %, and one or two of Nb: 0.003-0.20 wt % and Ti: 0.005-0.20 wt % is heated at a temperature of not higher than 1200° C. The slab is hot-rolled at a finish rolling end temperature of not lower than 800° C., preferably at a finish rolling start temperature of 950-1050° C. A hot-rolled sheet is started to be cooled within two seconds after the end of the rolling, and then continuously cooled down to a coiling temperature at a cooling rate of 20-150° C./sec. The hot-rolled sheet is coiled at a temperature of 300-550° C., preferably in excess of 400° C. A fine bainite structure is obtained in which the mean grain size is not greater than 3.0 mum, the aspect ratio is not more than 1.5, and preferably the maximum size of the major axis is not greater than 10 mum.

The invention discloses a precipitation method for preparing nanometer level iron phosphate lithium coated with carbon. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, weighing iron salt, deionized water and a compound of metallic elements; after the stirring and the mixing are performed, adding a phosphorous compound and citric acid diluted with water to the mixture; after the stirring is performed again, adding a precipitation agent to the mixture and controlling to the neutrality; stirring to react in a container, and after the static placement, respectively adding the deionized water, a carbon source and lithium salt to mix uniformly after the precipitate is filtered and washed; stirring again to react, and drying the water at 30 to 160 DEG C and warming up at the heating rate under the protection of non-oxidized gas after a product is crashed; baking at a constant temperature of 450 to 850 DEG C, cooling down to a room temperature at a cooling rate or with a stove, and finally obtaining the nanometer level ferric phosphate lithium coated with the carbon after crashing is performed. The precipitation method has the advantage that the raw material cost and the processing cost are low because bivalent iron is taken as the raw material. The iron phosphate lithium prepared by using the process has the characteristics of good physical processing performance and good electrochemistry performance, and is suitable for industrialized production.

The invention is directed to ultra-low expansion glasses to which adjustments have been made to selected variables in order to improve the properties of the glasses, and particularly to lower the expansivity of the glasses. The glasses are titania-doped silica glasses. The variables being adjusted include an adjustment in β-OH level; an adjustment to the cooling rate of the molten glass material through the setting point; and the addition of selected dopants to impact the CTE behavior.

Self-propagating formation reactions in nanostructured multilayer foils provide rapid bursts of heat at room temperature and therefore can act as local heat sources to melt solder or braze layers and join materials. This reactive joining method provides very localized heating to the components and rapid cooling across the joint. The rapid cooling results in a very fine microstructure of the solder or braze material. The scale of the fine microstructure of the solder or braze material is dependant on cooling rate of the reactive joints which varies with geometries and properties of the foils and components. The microstructure of the solder or braze layer of the joints formed by melting solder in a furnace is much coarser due to the slow cooling rate. Reactive joints with finer solder or braze microstructure show higher shear strength compared with those made by conventional furnace joining with much coarser solder or braze microstructure. It is expected that the reactive joints may also have better fatigue properties compared with conventional furnace joints.

Devices and methods to heat and cool human beings, including inducing and maintaining hypothermia in human patients. Methods include inducing hypothermia to treat ischemic events, including heart attack and stroke, to limit damage caused by the ischemic event. Methods can include: using the lungs for heat exchange; using cooled gases for ventilation; using helium in the ventilation gas mixture, using medications to control reflex heat production; and injecting a perfluorocarbon mist into the gas stream to increase the cooling rate. The high thermal conductivity and diffusivity of helium results in greater inspired gas temperature equalization toward body temperature. Due to the latent heat of vaporization, addition of even small quantity of phase-change perfluorocarbon dramatically increases the heat carrying capacity of the respiratory gases. Hypothermia may be terminated by discontinuing the medications and warming the patient using a warmed helium-oxygen mixture.

The invention discloses a steel plate for stamping and quenching and a thermoforming method of the steel plate. The steel plate comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 0.14-0.28% of C, less than 0.40% of Si, 0.4-2.0% of Mn, less than or equal to 0.010% of P, less than or equal to 0.004% of S, 0.016-0.040% of Al, 0.15-0.8% of Cr, 0.015-0.12% of Ti, 0.0001-0.005% of B, less than or equal to 0.005% of N, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities. The thermoforming method comprises the following steps: blanking by shearing the steel plate, and heating at Ac3 to (Ac3+80) DEG C to carry out austenization; after insulating for 5-10 minutes in the heating furnace, immediately transferring the steel plate to a metal mold the inside of which is cooled by introducing water, and stamping at the high temperature of 650-850 DEG C; cooling the formed workpiece in the closed mold, and cooling the mold by water circulation in the mold, wherein the cooling rate is greater than the critical cooling rate when austenite forms martensite, and the temperature of the workpiece leaving the hot stamping production line is below 150 DEG C; and carrying out air-cooling to room temperature. The steel plate has the advantages of simple component system and favorable hardenability; and the substrate tissues, which are ferrite and pearlite, are processed by hot stamping andquenching to obtain the all martensitic structure. The tensile strength of the steel plate can be higher than 1300 N/mm<2>.

The disclosure is directed at a method and apparatus for integrated real-time monitoring and control of microstructure and/or geometry in thermal material processing (TMP) technologies. The method includes obtaining real-time thermal dynamic variables, such as, but not limited to the cooling rate, peak temperature and heating rate, and geometry of the thermal material process. These real-time thermal variables are then analyzed along with a thermal model to determine a microstructure/geometry model. This microstructure/geometry model can then be used to provide the real-time monitoring and control of a finished state for the material being processed by the thermal material processing procedure.

A crystalline semiconductor film having crystal grains of large grain size or crystal grains in which the position and the size are controlled is formed to manufacture a TFT, whereby a semiconductor device that enables a high-speed operation is realized. First, a reflecting member is provided on a rear surface side of a substrate on which a semiconductor film is formed (semiconductor film substrate). When a front surface side of the semiconductor film substrate is irradiated with a laser beam that penetrates the semiconductor film substrate, the laser beam is reflected by the reflecting member to irradiate the semiconductor film from the rear surface side. With this method, an effective energy density is raised in the semiconductor film, and an output time is made long. Thus, the cooling rate of the semiconductor film is made gentle and crystal grains of large grain size are formed. Further, the front surface side of the semiconductor film substrate is irradiated with the laser beam by using a substrate on which a reflecting layer is partially formed as the reflecting member, whereby the semiconductor film is partially irradiated with the laser beam from the rear surface side. Thus, a temperature distribution is generated in the semiconductor film, and the location where a lateral growth is generated and the lateral direction can be controlled. Therefore, the crystal grains of large grain size can be obtained.

In various embodiments, a TEC device array may be coupled to a chip and a heat sink to cool the chip. The TEC device array may include multiple TEC devices separately controlled to provide different cooling rates at different points in the TEC device array coupled to the chip. In some embodiments, temperature data for areas on the chip or for separate electronic components may be determined using one or more thermal sensors and then sent to a controller. The controller may then determine an appropriate response for the TEC devices in the TEC device array near the area of the thermal sensor(s). The controller may thus control the cooling rates (which may be different) of several TEC devices in the TEC device array.

The present invention provides a method for producing a half Heuslar alloy including quench-solidifying a molten alloy at a cooling rate of 1×10² to 1×10³° C./sec to produce a Heuslar alloy represented by the formula: ABC (wherein A and B each is at least one member selected from transition metals such as Fe, Co, Ni, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Hf, Nb, Mo, Ta and W, and C is at least one member selected from Group 13 or 14 element such as Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge and Sn), and a high-performance thermoelectric power generating device using the thermoelectric semiconductor alloy.

A low carbon alloy steel tube and a method of manufacturing the same, especially for a stored gas inflator pressure vessel, in which the steel tube consists essentially of, by weight: about 0.06% to about 0.18% carbon, about 0.3% to about 1.5% manganese, about 0.05% to about 0.5% silicon, up to about 0.015% sulfur, up to about 0.025% phosphorous, and at least one of the following elements: up to about 0.30% vanadium, upto t about 0.10% aluminum, up to about 0.06% niobium, up to about 1% chromium, up to about 0.70% nickel, up to about 0.70% molybdenum, up to about 0.35% copper, up to about 0.15% residual elements, and the balance iron and incidental impurities. After a high heating rate of about 100° C. per second; rapidly and fully quenching the steel tubing in a water-based quenching solution at a cooling rate of about 100° C. per second. The steel has a tensile strength of at least about 145 ksi and as high as 220 ksi and exhibits ductile behavior at temperatures as low as -100° C.

Warhead structures and features are fabricated using direct manufacturing technologies, a method for fabricating bulk warhead structures by sequential and additive deposition of melted feedstock layers. Suitable energy sources for melting the feedstock can be various high energy density technologies including laser, electron beam, plasma arc deposition, and the like. The high energy density in combination with high cooling rates results in structures with homogeneous microstructures. The feedstock can be in the form of wire or powder and is applied to a substrate by introduction to a molten pool on the substrate, accumulating to additively combine with the substrate. The approach provides for warhead structures with singular and combined unique features to include: integral constructions, tailored fragmentation patterns, use of dissimilar materials for special effects, and variable material property constructions for enhanced performance.

A method for producing an RE-containing alloy represented by formula R(T_1−xA_x)13_−y (wherein R represents Ce, etc.; T represents Fe, etc.; and A represents Al, etc; 0.05≦x≦0.2; and −1≦y≦1) including a melting step of melting alloy raw materials at 1,200 to 1,800° C.; and a solidification step of rapidly quenching the molten metal produced through the above step, to thereby form the first RE-containing alloy, wherein the solidification step is performed at a cooling rate of 10² to 10⁴° C./second, as measured at least within a range of the temperature of the molten metal to 900° C.; and an RE-containing alloy, which is represented by a compositional formula of R_rT_tA_a(wherein R and A represent the same meaning as above, T represents Fe, etc.; 5.0 at. %≦r≦6.8 at. %, 73.8 at. %≦t≦88.7 at. %, and 4.6 at. %≦a≦19.4 at. %) and has an alloy microstructure containing an NaZn_13-type crystal structure in an amount of at least 85 mass % and α-Fe in an amount of 5-15 mass % inclusive.

A method of producing a gear from a metallurgical powder includes molding at least a portion of the powder to provide a gear preform. The gear preform is sintered and hot formed, and subsequently may be carburized. The gear preform is resintered and cooled at a cooling rate suitable to provide a bainitic microstructure in at least a surface region of the preform. The gear teeth of the preform may be shaved to, for example, adjust dimensions, and enhance dimensional uniformity.

A method for producing a material includes providing a metallurgical powder including iron, 1.0 to 3.5 weight percent copper, and 0.3 to 0.8 weight percent carbon. At least a portion of the powder is compressed at 20 tsi to 70 tsi to provide a compact, and subsequently the compact is heated at high temperature and then cooled at a cooling rate no greater than 60° F. per minute to increase the surface hardness of the compact to no greater than RC 25. The density of at least a region of the sintered compact is increased, by a mechanical working step or otherwise, to at least 7.6 grams/cc. The sintered compact is then re-heated to high temperature and cooled at a cooling rate of at least 120° F./min. so as to increase the surface hardness of the compact to greater than RC 25, and preferably at least RC 30. Material made by the method of the invention also is disclosed.

The invention discloses a temperature-controlled crack prevention construction method for a concrete structure. The method comprises the steps of (1) arranging temperature probes on the surface of a large-size concrete pouring block to measure the temperature difference between inside and outside, the cooling rate of the large-size concrete pouring block and the environment temperature; (2) establishing a calculation model for the temperature-controlled construction scheme based on the obtained measuring result; (3) collecting the construction site parameters, and inputting the parameters into the obtained calculation model for temperature-controlled simulation calculation; and (4) comparing the temperature-controlled simulation calculation result obtained in the step (3) with the preset auxiliary expert system, repeating the step (2) to adjust the corresponding parameters when the temperature-controlled simulation calculation result obtained in the step (3) and the preset auxiliary expert system mismatch, and optimizing the temperature-controlled crack prevention construction scheme for concrete preset based on experience until the optimal temperature-controlled crack prevention construction scheme for the concrete is obtained. The temperature-controlled crack prevention construction method for the concrete structure disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the concrete is not prone to crack, the crack prevention reliability is high, and the crack prevention commonality is good.

This invention relates to an improved method for preparing porous material by freeze-drying. The method comprises: selecting organic additive, mixing the additive with the matrix powder, molding, and sintering. The method can prepare porous green body by controlling the solid content of the slurry, as well as the cooling rate, and then prepare porous material by sintering. The obtained porous material has a porosity of 10-90%, and an average particle size of 0.2-300 mu.m.

The present invention relates to a seat or chair cooling apparatus. In an embodiment the seat cooling apparatus cools the back of a user without the need of forced air. The seat cooling apparatus includes an array of conduits held in place by a set of supports to form a heat exchanger. Heat from the contact surfaces is removed by free convection, an upward air movement due to density difference. When the seat cooling apparatus is in the preferred substantially vertical arrangement, the warm air exiting the conduits is replaced by cooler air entering the conduits. A seat securing attachment secures the heat exchanger components to a seat. The seat cooling apparatus shapes into the back of the user to provide comfort that is effective in cooling. The seat cooling apparatus can be light weight, portable, and occupies little space, can be quickly installed and removed, easily cleaned and is very low cost to manufacture. In another embodiment, the seat cooling apparatus is easily connected to a forced air cooling source to increase the cooling rate if desired by the user.

The invention provides a high strength bainitic steel rail and a heat treatment process thereof. The steel rail comprises the following chemical compositions by weight percentage: 0.10%-0.32% of C, 0.80%-2.00% of Si, 0.80%-2.80% of Mn, Cr less than 1.50%, 0.10%-0.40% of Mo, 0-0.5% of Ni, wherein Mn, Cr and Ni satisfy the relation of: Mn+Cr+0.5Ni<=2.8%, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities. The process is as below: conducting hot rolling on the steel rail or air cooling on the steel rail to room temperature, then reheating to 850-1000 DEG C for austenization; cooling the steel rail head to 620-570 DEG C with a cooling rate of 0.3-15 DEG C / s; when the temperature is lower than 620-570 DEG C, cooling to 350-200 DEG C with a cooling rate of 0.5-5 DEG C / s; and then conducting air cooling to room temperature. The invention avoids generation of excessive unstable thick M-A islands in granular bainite during air cooling to room temperature in hot rolling, reduces the risk of straightening fracture (or delayed fracture)of hot-rolled steel rail, and improves the adaptability of steel production process. The steel rail has tensile strength higher than 1400MPa, and realizes optimum matching of strength, toughness and ductility, and excellent rolling contact fatigue resistance and wear resistance.

The invention discloses a high-elongation cold-rolled TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity) steel plate, comprising 0.15-0.25% of C, 0.4-1.5% of Si, 0.5-2.5% of Mn, 0.04-0.10% of P, less than or equal to 0.02% of S, 0.02-0.5% of Al, less than or equal to 0.01% of N, 0-0.5% of Nb, 0-0.5% of V, 0-0.5% of Ti, 0-2% of Cr, 0-1% of Mo, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein in the microscopic structure, the area ratio of ferrite is 10-80%, while the area ratio of residual austenite is 3-20% and the area ratio of martensite is 0-20%, and the rest part is bainite; the hot rolling heating temperature is 1100-1250 DEG C, the heat preservation time is greater than or equal to 2 h, the rolling starting temperature is equal to or higher than 1100 DEG C, the final rolling temperature ranges from 850 to 950 DEG C, and the coiling temperature is lower than 720 DEG C; the hot-rolled plate is 2-4 mm thick; accumulated compression quantity of cold rolling is 40-80%; the annealing temperature is 700-(Ac3+50) DEG C, the heat preservation time is 30-360 s, the cooling rate is 10-150 DEG C/s, the aging temperature is 300-600 DEG C, the aging time is 30-1200 s and the cooling rate is 5-100 DEG C/s; and finally, cooling is performed until the temperature reaches the room temperature.

Provided are a micro gas sensor for measuring a gas concentration configured to achieve a high heating and cooling rate of a gas sensitive layer, achieve temperature uniformity, and achieve durability against thermal impact and mechanical impact; and a method for manufacturing the micro gas sensor. The micro gas sensor includes: a vacuum cavity disposed in a substrate; a support layer covering the vacuum cavity; a sealing layer sealing the support layer and the vacuum cavity; a micro heater disposed on the sealing layer; a plurality of electrodes disposed on the micro heater, insulated from the micro heater; and a gas sensitive layer covering the electrodes.