The invention relates to a device and method for quickly detecting an integrated chemical reaction, and relates to the technical field of quick detection of food, drugs, cosmetics and the like. The detection device is a cylindrical or circular cone-shaped sealed cavity, and consists of a sealed cover (1), a pretreatment chamber (2), a reaction chamber (3), a filter pipe (4), a pretreatment reagent (5) and a reaction reagent (6), wherein the sealed cover (1) is arranged at the top of the pretreatment chamber (2); the pretreatment chamber (2) is vertically communicated with the reaction chamber (3) through the filter pipe (4); a microporous filter element or other filter material (4.1) is mounted inside the filter pipe (4); the pretreatment reagent (5) is placed in the treatment chamber (2) or other containers in advance; the reaction reagent (6) is placed in the reaction chamber (6) in advance, or is frozen and dried, or is prepared into tablets or pills, or is added from a side hole (3.1). The detection method comprises the following steps: putting a sample in the pretreatment chamber (2), or adding the pretreatment reagent (5), sealing the cover, shaking, centrifuging, reacting, observing or detecting the result. The sample pretreatment, filtering and reaction integration are realized, and the method is simple, convenient and practical; standardization is easily realized; the detection device is suitable for rapid field detection.