The invention discloses a three-stage sewage treatment system of a constructed wetland. The system comprises a mud scraping vehicle, a water inlet, a mudapron, a mud outlet, a mud scraping board, an active filter screen, a sedimentation tank, an anaerobic pool, a turbine exhaust fan, air holes, an aeration tank, a ventilating hole, a control valve, a first gravel packing layer, a mud-free coarse sand coating layer, a second gravel packing layer, a filter gravel packing layer, water seepage holes, a water outlet pipe, a sealing cover and a sliding rail. The three-stage sewage treatment system has the beneficial effects that the mud scraping vehicle and the scraping board effectively remove sludge and other solid impurities so as to prevent the sludge and the other solid impurities from blocking a running track, and prevent the system from collapsing; the active filter screen effectively adsorbs fine particles in the sewage, and thoroughly performs solid-liquid separation; the air holesguarantee the low-oxygen environment of the anaerobic pool, and enables the oxygen inside the anaerobic pool to be conveniently and quickly extracted, thus increasing the working efficiency; the control valve facilitates the control of the speed and flow volume of water flow, and effectively prevents the hand from slipping during rotation; the filter gravel packing layer enables the treated sewageto be unblocked.