The invention relates to a color image encryption method based on an SHA-384 function, a spatiotemporal chaotic system, a quantum chaotic system and a neural network. The method includes the steps that an original color image I0 is calculated through the SHA-384 function, a Hash value is obtained as a secret key, the Hash value, a CML and one-dimension Logistic chaotic mapping are utilized for generating a chaos sequence, bit-level line-column scrambling is carried out on high four-digit images of components of three primary colors of the I0 through the chaos sequence, and a scrambled image I1 is obtained; the Logistic quantum chaotic system is utilized for generating a chaos sequence for encrypting the scrambled image, and is combined with the neural network to carry out parallel diffusion processing on all pixel values of components of three primary colors of the I1, and a final encrypted image I2 is obtained. By the method, the space of the secret key is greatly enlarged, the safety, encryption effect and secret key sensibility are higher, the attack resistance capacity is higher, the scrambling process and the encryption time are shorter, and hardware implementation is easier.