The invention relates to a device and method for carrying out long-time in-situ detection on a complex water body based on a spectroscopy method, thereby realizing in-situ acquisition of underwater continuous fine wide spectrum. The device has advantages of simple and compact structure, strong sealing performance, miniaturization, low power consumption, high portability and the like. Moreover, thedevice uses a test path and a standard path to perform real-time comparison detection, so that the detection precision is improved. The device comprises a shell, a light source, a first collimating lens group, a one-to-two optical fiber, a second collimating lens group, a third collimating lens group, a light path switching assembly, a fourth collimating lens group, a fifth collimating lens group, a two-in-one optical fiber, a sixth collimating lens group, a synchronous circuit board, a spectrum module and an upper computer.