The invention discloses a system and a method for pre-treating household garbage on the basis of high-pressure extrusion. The system is formed through connecting a garbage grabbing bucket, a stock bin, a chain conveyer, a first belt conveyor, a bag-breaking screening machine, a second belt conveyor, a third belt conveyor, a charge buffer bin, a high-pressure extruder, a fourth belt conveyor, a dry garbage sorting sub-system and a spiral conveyer. The household garbage is subjected to bag-breaking screening treatment and high-pressure extrusion dry-wet separation, then subjected to sorting treatment, and finally sorted into five classes, that is, plastic garbage, metal garbage, building garbage, combustible garbage and organic garbage; and high-pressure extrusion equipment has a superhigh extrusion force, is applicable to dry-wet separation for the household garbage which is subjected to crushing treatment, and adopts a specific mechanism with a short extrusion stroke, a compact extrusion process and high running efficiency. The system and the method have a good garbage pre-treatment effect, and the sorted garbage is high in quality; and moreover, the treatment process is rapid and thorough, the automation degree is high, and the energy consumption level is low.