149 results about "Renewable resource" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of industrial platform data analysis, in particular to a renewable resource recovery data management system based on the Internet of Things, which comprises the steps of synchronously acquiring weight, spectrum and microwave characteristic data of a tested resource through a data acquisition module, executing moisture weight decoupling operation by utilizing a resource matching module, and performing data analysis; then, an inventory evolution module tracks performance loss of resources in real time by using an evolution model of an integrated long and short-term memory network, generates a resource attenuation weight, and constructs a two-dimensional decision matrix containing scheduling priority and preprocessing strength grade instructions in combination with real-time inventory saturation; and finally, the clearance scheduling module executes dynamic pruning and bidirectional optimization through a resource scheduling model, accurately allocates the loading share and the access sequence of each node, and generates a dynamic instruction set containing a delivery sequence. According to the method, feeding homogenization is realized through industrial data multi-dimensional collaborative analysis.

A system and method are disclosed for AI-orchestrated multi-source renewable energy harvesting and decentralized trading. A plurality of energy harvesting nodes convert renewable resources, including solar irradiance, wind, hydrodynamic flow, salinity gradients, geothermal heat, and waste-heat streams, into electrical power. Each node includes a sensor array that measures operating and environmental parameters and an edge AI processing unit that predicts performance degradation and computes control actions to maximize net power output subject to stress constraints. A power conversion subsystem conditions the generated power for delivery to storage, microgrids, or utility grids. A blockchain-based orchestration layer receives validated energy summaries, tokenizes discrete energy quanta as digital energy tokens with provenance metadata, and executes smart contracts for peer-to-peer trading, dynamic pricing, and programmable revenue distribution. A fleet-level AI coordination module performs federated learning across nodes and coordinates dispatch and curtailment among heterogeneous modalities, improving portfolio efficiency, grid stability, and environmental accounting.

The invention provides a bottle sorting and data monitoring method and system and bottle recycling equipment. The method comprises the following steps: collecting a visible light image and near infrared spectrum data of a bottle target, and preprocessing the collected visible light image and near infrared spectrum data; extracting a fusion spectrum feature vector of the pre-processed visible light image and the near infrared spectrum data, and generating a feature matrix for material classification; inputting the feature matrix into a lightweight convolutional neural network model deployed in an edge calculation unit, and obtaining a recognition result of the material and form of the bottle; a sorting control instruction is generated based on the recognition result, and motion space state representation is constructed in combination with current state information of the mechanical arm; and inputting the spatial state representation into a path optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning, and outputting and executing an optimal sorting path and a coordination action sequence. According to the method, the precision and robustness of bottle identification can be improved, the recycling efficiency of renewable resources can be improved, and the recycling cost can be reduced.

The utility model relates to a molten metal reaction kettle, belongs to the technical field of recycling of recyclable and renewable resources such as household garbage, industrial garbage and biomass, and solves the problem that the same-quality or high-quality utilization cannot be realized due to the fact that macromolecular organic matters are not thoroughly decomposed in the prior art. Secondary pollution to the environment is caused, and the like. The molten metal reaction kettle comprises a first-stage molten metal reaction kettle, and the first-stage molten metal reaction kettle comprises a feeding port, a first gasifying agent spray gun mounting port and a second gasifying agent spray gun mounting port which are formed in the top of the first-stage molten metal reaction kettle, and a first metal pool arranged in the first-stage molten metal reaction kettle. The same-quality and high-quality reutilization of recyclable and renewable resources such as household garbage, industrial garbage and biomass is realized.

The invention provides a light-weight automobile appearance decorating part added with recycled waste and a forming process of the light-weight automobile appearance decorating part, and belongs to the technical field of automobile part manufacturing. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a core layer melt containing polypropylene recycled after consumption, waste tire rubber and a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer with a supercritical fluid to form a uniform dispersion; after an acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate copolymer surface membrane is formed in a mold cavity, injecting the uniform dispersion to drive the membrane to extend and fill; and gas is induced to generate heterogeneous nucleation on the surfaces of the waste tire rubber particles through pressure relief and grow into bubbles. On the premise that the surface glossiness is not degraded, light weight and high toughness of the appearance decorating part and efficient utilization of renewable resources are achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of voltage regulation and control of a power distribution system, and particularly discloses a voltage regulation and control method and system of a low-voltage flexible interconnection power distribution system. On-load voltage regulating transformer and capacitor bank action decisions considering robustness and economical efficiency can be made, and the influence of uncertainty of renewable resources on voltage stability can be effectively dealt with; the SOP voltage reactive droop control parameter optimization model is constructed by taking the minimum node voltage deviation and the system network loss as targets, and the SOP voltage reactive droop control parameter optimization model based on intraday rolling optimization can ensure that the node voltage is stable in the real-time voltage control stage of the SOP, and also considers global network loss optimization, so that the global performance of the system is improved. According to the method, dynamic characteristics and interaction influences among different voltage regulating devices are considered, sequential cooperative control among various resources is realized through day-ahead and intra-day distributed optimization and centralized local multi-stage voltage control, and the voltage out-of-limit problem of the flexible interconnection power distribution system is effectively solved. And the system voltage control effect is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of renewable resource utilization and new energy, and relates to a wood-based water photovoltaic power generation material and a preparation method and application thereof.The wood-based water photovoltaic power generation material is prepared by taking natural wood as a raw material, performing chemical modification treatment and combining directional freeze drying and salting-out treatment. The wood-based water photovoltaic power generation material with relatively good mechanical strength is prepared by using the wood-based material as a raw material, the wood-based material has a highly-oriented porous structure, and under the conditions of 25 DEG C, standard atmospheric pressure and relative air humidity RH 30%, a 200-mesh copper mesh is used as an electrode, and the open-circuit voltage of a nano power generation device obtained by assembling in deionized water reaches 110 mV, and the short-circuit circuit reaches 0.74 mA. The material is simple in preparation process and wide in application scene, adopts natural high polymer materials as raw materials, has the environment-friendly advantages of reproducibility and biodegradability, and has a wide application prospect in the field of new energy materials.

Animal litter comprising composite particles formed from renewable components where the composite particles include starch and dextrin agglomerated together. The dextrin may be included in an amount of from about 10% to about 50% by weight of the composite particles and the starch may be included in an amount of from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the composite particles. The composite particles may optionally include powdered activated carbon. The litter may advantageously be free or substantially free of non-renewable mineral components, and may exhibit a clump retention of at least about 90% and / or a clump strength of at least 1,000 gf.

The utility model discloses a kind of heavy metal material separation devices of renewable resources, including separation tank, the inside rotation of separation tank is equipped with two rotating rods C, the outer surface of two rotating rods C is commonly transmission installation and has conveyor belt C;The utility model is rotated by motor C and conveyor belt C rotation, to transport the material after crushing, this step ensures the continuous flow of material in the processing process, creates conditions for subsequent chemical treatment, by pump body and input pipeline extraction separation tank bottom reagent, by output pipeline and spray head respectively to magnetic material and non-magnetic material are sprayed, this step makes the heavy metal on the surface of material and reagent react, to realize the separation of heavy metal, can effectively separate and recover heavy metal material, reduce the pollution of heavy metal to environment, not only help to protect environment, but also recycle valuable heavy metal resources, promote the recycling of resources.

This invention relates to the field of renewable resource recycling and processing technology, and in particular to a renewable resource recycling crushing system and method, comprising a multimodal material characteristic sensing module, a pre-cutting dynamic programming module, a three-level closed-loop control module, a harmonic monitoring module, and a digital twin optimization module. Material characteristics are acquired through multimodal sensing technology, and the cutter head motion trajectory is generated by combining model predictive control. Harmonic monitoring, graded response, and digital twin optimization are used to achieve self-evolution of system parameters. This invention solves or at least mitigates the problem of entanglement and jamming of long strip-shaped materials in the crushing chamber, providing a renewable resource recycling crushing system and method. Through multimodal sensing, dynamic programming, harmonic monitoring, and digital twin optimization, this invention achieves accurate identification and efficient processing of complex materials, reduces the risk of entanglement, and improves equipment operational stability.

The invention discloses a renewable resource recovery control method and system based on big data, and relates to data processing. The method comprises the following steps: performing feature extraction on a multi-source data set to obtain a multi-dimensional feature vector including a torque feature, an acoustic feature and a vibration feature; respectively constructing a material elongation at break prediction model and a material category identification model based on machine learning; constructing a mechanical property fingerprint database indexed according to material categories; obtaining an elongation at break prediction value through the material elongation at break prediction model, and obtaining a material category through the material category identification model; and searching a corresponding clustering subset in a mechanical property fingerprint database according to the identified material category, and calculating the control parameters of the renewable resource crusher through a preset parameter mapping relation in combination with the predicted value of the elongation at break. Aiming at the problem that in the prior art, image recognition cannot directly reflect mechanical parameters such as the elongation at break of the plastic material, accurate recognition of the wire drawing tendency of the plastic material is achieved, and inherent defects of visual recognition are avoided.

The invention discloses a power grid renewable resource cyclic utilization low-carbon evaluation method and system based on deep learning, and relates to the technical field of low-carbon circulation of deep learning, and the method comprises the steps: firstly obtaining recycled resource record data, and building a first mapping relation and a second mapping relation according to the recycled resource record data; based on the first mapping relation and the second mapping relation, calculating a first benefit result and a second benefit result through a multi-task system optimization path method; obtaining a carbon emission reduction predicted value and an economic benefit predicted value for the first benefit result and the second benefit result by using a variational mode decomposition and multi-source feature fusion mechanism; a game equilibrium weight vector is solved through an iterative optimization algorithm of a negotiation game model, and a continuous and stable low-carbon evaluation index is calculated according to a carbon emission reduction predicted value and an economic benefit predicted value, so that a fine management strategy and green low-carbon transformation of a power grid enterprise under a low-carbon energy-saving target are effectively solved.

The composite copper foil waste recovery system comprises a dissolving unit, a filtering unit and a recycling unit, the dissolving unit comprises a dissolving kettle and a heating and heat preservation device wrapped around the dissolving kettle, the top of the dissolving kettle is provided with a first inlet and a second inlet, the bottom of the dissolving kettle is provided with an oxygenation mechanism, and the first inlet is communicated with the second inlet. The first inlet is used for receiving composite copper foil fragments, and the second inlet is used for injecting mixed acid liquor, so that the composite copper foil fragments are dissolved and leached in the dissolving kettle (1), and a crude copper sulfate solution is obtained; the filtering unit is used for receiving and filtering the crude copper sulfate solution from the dissolving unit to obtain a purified solution; and the recycling unit is used for receiving the purified solution from the filtering unit and outputting the purified solution which is detected to be qualified to a water plating line. The closed loop of'waste-renewable resources-production raw materials' is realized, the comprehensive benefit of treatment of each ton of waste is improved by more than 50% compared with that of sold, and the method has economic benefits (cost reduction), environmental benefits (waste reduction) and process feasibility.

The invention discloses a bio-based composite activating aid for producing active calcium phosphate by utilizing renewable resources as well as a preparation method and application of the bio-based composite activating aid, and belongs to the technical field of active calcium phosphate preparation. The bio-based composite active auxiliary agent is prepared from the following raw material components in parts by mass: 20 to 40 parts of bio-based organic acid or bio-based organic acid salt, 15 to 30 parts of polysaccharide or a derivative thereof, 25 to 45 parts of alkali metal silicate and 5 to 15 parts of alkali metal carbonate. According to the invention, the bio-based composite activating auxiliary agent is prepared through synergism of multiple components, and the bio-based composite activating auxiliary agent is matched with the phosphorus-containing solid waste to prepare the active calcium phosphate, so that integration of high-valued renewable resources, high performance of the active calcium phosphate and performance upgrading of electronic ceramics is realized, meanwhile, the auxiliary agent is ensured to be green and non-toxic, and is adaptive to various scenes, and the production cost and the environmental risk are reduced.

The application belongs to the field of comprehensive utilization of biomass, and relates to a method for preparing nanocellulose based on dissociation of biomass in an ionic liquid / water system. Cellulose fibers are added to a binary system composed of ionic liquid and water, and are heated and stirred under high pressure to obtain a cellulose dispersion liquid, which is regenerated and dried to obtain nanocellulose. Compared with the prior art, the process provided by the application is simpler, greener and more efficient. The raw material used in the application belongs to renewable resources, and the nanocellulose prepared therefrom can be widely applied in medicine, fine chemical industry and preparation of new materials, thereby providing a new method for efficient utilization of renewable resources.

The invention discloses an intelligent sorting system and method for renewable resource categories, and relates to the technical field of renewable resource sorting. The system comprises a material feeding module, a material screening module, a material vibration feeding module, a material information capturing module, an LIBS detection module and a material discharging separation module which are connected in sequence. According to the system, materials of different sizes and specifications are processed through the screening module, high-speed stable feeding of more than 100 blocks per minute is achieved through the vibration feeding module, excitation points are accurately positioned through the information capturing module, component analysis is conducted through the LIBS detection module by means of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technology and the machine learning algorithm, and finally accurate separation is achieved through the discharging module. The problems that traditional manual sorting is low in efficiency and poor in accuracy, and chemical elements cannot be visually identified are solved, and efficient and automatic sorting of renewable resources is achieved.

The application discloses a kind of based on asphalt pavement milling material's prefabricated asphalt brick and its preparation method, belong to recycling technology field of renewable resources, the method includes: waste asphalt pavement is broken and is screened to obtain recycled asphalt mixture;First with regenerant, aromatic compound and basalt fiber dry mixing and standing activation;Again with cement, silica ash dry mixing;Subsequently, add water and polyacrylic acid sodium wet mixing mortar;In the state of stirring, add emulsified asphalt and mix to obtain mixing material;Finally, vibration forming, demolding curing prefabricated asphalt brick is prepared.Compared with prior art, by step mixing process and the synergistic effect of multiple functional components, high-mixing resource utilization of asphalt milling material is realized.The prefabricated asphalt brick prepared has a dense structure, high bulk density, high compressive strength and excellent water resistance, effectively solves the problem of milling material solid waste disposal, is economical and environmentally friendly, and is suitable for popularization and application.

The invention discloses a system and a method for preparing green natural gas by coupling renewable resources with green hydrogen, and particularly relates to the field of preparation of green natural gas. Comprising a wind-light-green electricity supply and green hydrogen preparation module, a biomass gasification synthesis gas preparation module, a synthesis gas desulfurization purification module, a green hydrogen supplement and hydrogen-carbon ratio adjustment module and a high-temperature methanation synthesis green natural gas module. The wind, light and green power supply and green hydrogen preparation module is used for producing green hydrogen through wind, light and green power supply; the biomass gasification synthesis gas preparation module is used for treating agriculture and forestry waste biomass in a liquid deslagging fixed bed gasification mode to obtain synthesis gas; the synthesis gas desulfurization and purification module is used for performing desulfurization and purification on the synthesis gas. Full-chain zero-carbon circulation of green electricity-green hydrogen-green natural gas is achieved, the dual-carbon target requirement is met, the device investment and operation cost are reduced, and the resource utilization rate is remarkably increased.

The utility model discloses a fixing device for a weighing cylinder in a renewable resource recycling bin, and relates to the technical field of fixing devices, the fixing device comprises a cabinet body, the bottom of the cabinet body is fixedly connected with mounting seats, the mounting seats are uniformly distributed, the bottom of an inner cavity of each mounting seat is fixedly connected with a supporting plate, the top of each supporting plate is fixedly connected with a supporting rod, and the supporting rods are fixedly connected with the bottom of the cabinet body. The fixing device comprises a cabinet body, a mounting seat is arranged in the cabinet body, a weighing anti-interference mechanism is arranged in the mounting seat, a scale pan is arranged in the cabinet body, a bearing seat is fixedly connected to the inner side of the scale pan, side positioning plates are fixedly connected to the left side wall and the right side wall of the scale pan, and a rear positioning plate is fixedly connected to the rear side wall of the scale pan. The weighing device is reasonable in structural design, external vibration and impact can be prevented from being transmitted to the fixing device, the accuracy of data during weighing is improved, the collecting cylinder does not make direct contact with the scale at the bottom in the unloading process, and the scale at the bottom is prevented from being abraded.

The invention relates to a transient synchronization stability evaluation method and device of a phase-locked synchronous converter system under an energy perspective, belongs to the field of new energy grid connection, and solves the problem of transient synchronization stability evaluation of a phase-locked synchronous converter at the present stage. The method comprises the following steps: establishing a port energy function of each element in the phase-locked synchronous converter system; according to the law of conservation of energy, establishing a phase-locked synchronous converter system branch energy function considering the transient synchronization influence of the phase-locked loop; branch energy and port energy indexes based on information entropy are constructed, and stability margins of key branches and phase-locked synchronous converter elements in the network are quantitatively estimated based on local network measurement information. According to the method, the stability margin of the key branch and the key phase-locking synchronous converter of the system can be accurately and quantitatively identified, and a new visual angle and a new tool are provided for transient synchronous stability evaluation of a high-permeability renewable resource system.

The utility model relates to the technical field of renewable resource recycling, in particular to a renewable resource recycling forming device which comprises a box body, a feeding port is formed in the top end of the box body, a feeding hopper is fixed in the feeding port, a support is fixed on one side of the feeding hopper, and a first motor is fixed on the support. A first crushing roller, a second crushing roller and two third crushing rollers are arranged in the feeding hopper, a baffle is fixed to the top end of the box body, a first hydraulic cylinder is fixed to the side, away from the feeding hopper, of the baffle, a base is fixed to a piston rod of the first hydraulic cylinder, a second motor is fixed to the base, and one ends of the two third crushing rollers are rotationally connected with the feeding hopper. Gears are fixed to the other ends of the two third crushing rollers, belt wheels are fixed to output shafts of the first motors and the ends, away from the baffles, of the third crushing rollers, and the two belt wheels are connected through a belt; the device is convenient to adjust and facilitates crushing and forming of materials.

The utility model discloses a kind of recycling resource screening equipment, it is related to resource recovery equipment technical field, including recycling box, motor roller component is arranged in recycling box inside, two storage boxes are symmetrically slidably connected in recycling box two ends;Motor roller component side is provided with driven roller component, motor roller component bottom is provided with discharging plate component;Two conveying belt components are symmetrically arranged in the top of discharging plate component both ends;Two electromagnets are respectively arranged in the inside of two conveying belt components.The utility model, by the above structure, can strip out metal such as steel nail, reinforcing steel bar from shock-absorbing waste material, and by gravity, roll on discharging plate component, by electromagnet, the metal that rolls down is adsorbed on conveying belt component, conveying belt component takes metal to recycling box outside, so that metal loses adsorption, falls into bottom storage box inside, is centrally received, reduces recovery cost, improves economic benefit.

The utility model relates to a feeding tank and a feeding and preheating system, belongs to the technical field of recycling of recyclable and renewable resources such as household garbage, industrial garbage and biomass, and solves the problems that in the prior art, a feeding system of existing gasification equipment is prone to material blockage and uneven in material preheating, and waste heat of the system cannot be recycled. The feeding tank comprises a material tank body, a vertical stirring system is arranged at the axial center of the material tank body, and the vertical stirring system comprises a rotating shaft and material stirring pieces arranged in the axial direction of the rotating shaft. And the fluidity and the preheating effect of the material are improved.

The present invention relates to biodegradable cross-linked alkyl polysaccharide dispersion materials for coating on lignocellulose sheets as a promising alternative to traditional plastic mulch in sustainable agricultural practices and process for preparation thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to biodegradable cross-linked alkyl polysaccharide dispersion coating material coated on lignocellulose sheets having tensile strength 15‒20 MPa, tensile index of 25‒30 N.m / g wherein the coating dispersion material is obtained from the Michael addition reaction of polysaccharide (chitosan), acrylic crosslinker and further alkylation in presence of alkylamine in 93%‒95%yield. The aim of the invention is to mitigate environmental pollution and reduce dependence on non-renewable resources. The present invention provides a method of coating to prepare water repellent lignocellulose sheet / paper with a stability of 50‒70 days in outdoor environmental conditions and biodegradation in soil within 30‒45 days.

The invention provides a renewable resource intelligent recovery data management system and method based on the Internet of Things, and relates to the technical field of renewable resource intelligent recovery. The method comprises the following steps: collecting original putting data of resident recycled materials in real time; performing preliminary cleaning and structured processing on the original delivery data by using an edge computing device to obtain cleaned delivery data; uploading the cleaning delivery data to a cloud data platform through a communication protocol; constructing a neural ODE network model, and predicting the resource recovery amount of each region in n days in the future; the cloud data platform performs tagging classification on user recovery behaviors based on self-organizing mapping analysis; and encrypting and storing the cleaning and putting data in the transmission and analysis process by adopting an encryption algorithm. The neural ODE network model and the self-organizing mapping analysis expand the application scene of the data, improve the environmental protection atmosphere and the resource recovery efficiency in the region, deeply mine the data value, and create more development opportunities for the resource recovery service.

The invention discloses intelligent sorting and processing equipment for renewable resources, and the equipment comprises a weighing and screening device which can carry out the weighing and screening of renewable resource cargos, sorts the renewable resource cargos in a first weight range into a first sorting outlet, and sorts the renewable resource cargos in a second weight range into a horizontal conveying and screening device; the horizontal conveying and screening device can horizontally convey the renewable resource cargoes to a sorting area of the visual identification sorting mechanical arm, and in the process of horizontally conveying the renewable resource cargoes, the winnowing process of sorting light substances in the renewable resource cargoes into a second sorting outlet is completed; and a magnetic separation process of sorting ferromagnetic substances in the renewable resource cargoes into a third sorting outlet. And the visual identification sorting mechanical arm can sort different renewable resource cargoes in the sorting area into different fourth sorting outlets based on visual identification. According to the technical scheme, full-process automatic sorting can be achieved, and the overall design is highly integrated and miniaturized.

This invention discloses a method and system for sorting aluminum waste, relating to the field of renewable resource recycling. The method includes: crushing to 5-10cm blocks; shredding to 1-3cm particles; flotation separation using bubbles to float aluminum alloys; magnetic separation to remove ferromagnetic impurities; optical separation based on color identification to separate non-ferrous metals such as copper and zinc; gravity separation using a shaking table to separate heavy impurities; and refining to remove the surface oxide layer. For waste from thermal power plants, fly ash is removed before crushing by screening with an 80-120 mesh screen. This invention also discloses a system for executing this method, comprising a crusher, shredder, flotation machine, magnetic separator, color sorter, shaking table, and polishing machine connected in sequence, and equipped with a closed-loop control unit. This invention, through a seven-stage collaborative sorting process and intelligent feedback adjustment, significantly improves the sorting accuracy and product purity of aluminum waste, and is particularly suitable for aluminum-containing waste from thermal power plants with complex compositions, achieving a high aluminum alloy recovery rate.

The invention discloses a renewable resource sorting and recycling device and method, and relates to the technical field of resource sorting and recycling, the renewable resource sorting and recycling device comprises a screening frame, the outer wall of the bottom of the screening frame is fixedly connected with a supporting frame, the outer wall of the bottom of the supporting frame is fixedly connected with a spring, and the end, away from the supporting frame, of the spring is fixedly connected with a bottom frame; a first screening groove, a second screening groove and a third screening groove which are distributed at equal intervals are formed in the inner wall of the bottom of the screening frame, and the width of the first screening groove, the width of the second screening groove and the width of the third screening groove are gradually increased. Vibration is achieved under linkage of transmission structures such as the rack and the gear disc, materials of different sizes are further assisted to pass through all stages of screening grooves with the widths gradually increased, the materials stably fall through the corresponding discharging frames, and preliminary size grading is completed.

The invention relates to the technical field of environment-friendly pavements, in particular to a construction method of an environment-friendly concrete pavement, which comprises the following steps: preparing raw materials including coal gangue lightweight aggregate, cement, an additive and water; mixing and stirring, adding 70% of cement, 15% of coal gangue lightweight aggregate, 15% of microbeads and a reinforcing agent into stirring equipment, uniformly stirring, gradually adding water and a proper amount of a water reducing agent, and continuously stirring until uniform concrete slurry is formed; and constructing and laying, namely laying a water-permeable dust-fixing layer, a water-passing layer and a flat layer in sequence from top to bottom. Dust is solidified through the small holes of the water-permeable dust-fixing layer 1, and pulmonary fibrosis diseases caused by the fact that a human body inhales dust due to dust flying are reduced. Due to the use of the coal gangue lightweight aggregate, the use of natural non-renewable resources is reduced. More applications in the coal gangue field are increased, coal gangue accumulation and resource waste are reduced in a certain range, and part of the management cost increased due to the fact that the land use area is increased due to accumulation is reduced.