The invention relates to an ultrashort-head pneumatic hand riveter. The ultrashort-head pneumatic hand riveter comprises an air cylinder, an oil cylinder body and a hand riveter head, wherein the air cylinder comprises an air cylinder body, an air cylinder piston and a piston ejection rod, the hand riveter head comprises a rivet head seat, an oil cylinder piston push rod, at least three tapered clamping jaws, a reset push rod and a reset spring, the oil cylinder piston push rod is fixedly connected with an oil cylinder piston, a tapered containing cavity which is used for containing the clamping jaws is formed in the oil cylinder piston push rod, the clamping jaws are located in the tapered containing cavity, the inner wall of the tapered containing cavity is an inclined plane and is matched with the tapered outer side surfaces of the clamping jaws, a piston hole is formed in the oil cylinder piston, the reset spring is located in the piston hole, one end of the reset push rod extends into the piston hole and is abutted with the reset spring, the other end of the reset push rod extends into the tapered containing cavity, the clamping jaws can be driven to separate by virtue of the extension of the reset push rod, the rivet head seat is fixed to a radial mounting hole, a rivet stem extension hole is formed in the rivet head seat, and the rivet stem extension hole communicates with the tapered containing cavity. The hand riveter has the advantage of compact structure of the rivet head and can be applied in areas with small riveting space.