190 results about "Partial response" patented technology

A received signal is first converted into a digital sequence that may contain "erasures" (or ambiguity symbols) as well as errors. Then iterative decoding is applied in order to eliminate or reduce the erasures. This decoding procedure works effectively with the associated transmitter that adopts a concatenation of an outer coder, a permutation and an inner coder. The principal of the invention is also applicable to a system in which the inner coder is replaced by a "digital modulator" that introduces some constraint, or a channel that introduces some memory such as partial response signaling, intersymbol interference or multipath propagation. The invention can be applied to many existing systems while maintaining "backward compatibility" in the sense that the transmitter side need not be modified.

To effectively suppress a signal in a low frequency region in which the medium noise and the signal distortion are concentrated, and in order to effectively utilize a detected component of the reproduced signal in the low frequency region, a target of partial response equalization to the perpendicularly recorded / reproduced signal is set so that the low-frequency component around the direct current is suppressed to a regulated quantity for both the effective suppression and the effective utilization. Accordingly, a maximum-likelihood decoding process is carried out through the target of partial response equalization. Reliability of data detection is made higher and a signal-to-noise ratio is improved, so that the noise from the recording medium can be reduced more and it is possible to provide a high-density magnetic recording / reproducing apparatus.

A sampled amplitude read channel is disclosed for magnetic disk storage systems comprising an adaptive non-linear correction circuit for correcting non-linear distortions in the read signal, such as asymmetry caused by the non-linear response of a magneto-resistive (MR) read head. The analog read signal is sampled and the discrete time sample values equalized into a desired partial response prior to sequence detection. The non-linear correction circuit is inserted into the read path prior to the sequence detector and adaptively tuned by a least-mean-square (LMS) adaptation circuit. In one embodiment, the non-linear correction circuit is a discrete-time Volterra filter comprising a linear response for implementing an equalizing filter, and a non-linear response for attenuating non-linear distortions in the read signal. The filter coefficients of both the linear and non-linear sections of the Volterra filter are adaptively adjusted by the LMS adaptation circuit. In an alternative embodiment, the non-linear correction circuit operates in the analog domain, prior to the sampling device, where the cost and complexity can be minimized. The analog correction circuit implements an inverse response to that of the non-linearity in the read signal, and the response is adaptively tuned using an LMS update value computed in discrete-time for a Volterra filter, without actually implementing a Volterra filter. Further, the LMS update value for the analog correction circuit can be implemented using a simple squaring circuit.

A reduced state maximum likelihood sequence estimator allows the use of improved equalization techniques that provides greatly improved performance for channels with severe attenuation and spectral nulls. The reduced state maximum likelihood sequence estimator retains kn states of a total number of K states, kn<K, with each retained state having an associated state metric. (J)(kn) new states are determined based on kn previous states and a most recently received sample, using J transitions, J being a less than L, where L is a size of a symbol alphabet. (J)(kn) new state metrics are determined which are respectively associated with each new state. The new state metrics are compared to a threshold and those states whose metric does not exceed the threshold are retained. The reduced complexity of the MLSE allows for the use of partial response equalizers, e.g., a partial response class V (PRV) equalizer. The number of retained states kn varies according to an adaptive threshold which limits the number of retained states between a lower bound and an upper bound. The threshold may be determined according to the metric of the most likely state of the retained states and a selected one of a plurality of transition metrics associated with the most likely state metric.

A partial response (PR) waveform generator generates a digital value sequence of an expected PR waveform based on the output of a soft-decision Viterbi detector included in, for example, a first-stage decoder unit incorporated in an iterative decoder. The generator also generates flag information indicative of whether reliability of the digital value sequence is low or high, in parallel with the generation of the digital value sequence. An error detector detects error values in a PR equalized sample value sequence, needed for feedback control of a control target, using the digital value sequence of the expected PR waveform as a digital value sequence of a reference waveform. An error output controller controls the output of the error values detected by the error detector in accordance with the state of the flag information generated by the generator.

A system which improves wavelength tolerance, compensates dispersion in a simple way, reduces limitation of the fiber input power is disclosed. The operation includes receiving a clock signal from a system clock source; modulating a single mode optical signal based on the clock signal and generating an optical pulse signal having two longitudinal modes, the frequency interval thereof being n×B, n being a natural number and B being a transmission speed; generating a partial response signal by converting a binary NRZ signal from a digital signal source in synchronism with the system clock source; and modulating the optical pulse signal based on the partial response signal, and outputting a binary RZ modulated signal. The binary RZ modulated signal is input into a receiver, where two partial response components in the optical spectra of the input signal are divided, and one or both of the components are received.

A reduced state maximum likelihood sequence estimator allows the use of improved equalization techniques that provides greatly improved performance for channels with severe attenuation and spectral nulls. The reduced state maximum likelihood sequence estimator retains kn states of a total number of K states, kn<K, with each retained state having an associated state metric. (J)(kn) new states are determined based on kn previous states and a most recently received sample, using J transitions, J being a less than L, where L is a size of a symbol alphabet. (J)(kn) new state metrics are determined which are respectively associated with each new state. The new state metrics are compared to a threshold and those states whose metric does not exceed the threshold are retained. The reduced complexity of the MLSE allows for the use of partial response equalizers, e.g., a partial response class V (PRV) equalizer. The number of retained states kn varies according to an adaptive threshold which limits the number of retained states between a lower bound and an upper bound. The threshold may be determined according to the metric of the most likely state of the retained states and a selected one of a plurality of transition metrics associated with the most likely state metric.

Method and apparatus for processing transmitted data. A sampling circuit preferably performs lossy sampling of a continuous signal to provide a corresponding sequence of discrete samples at a sampling rate less than a Nyquist rate of the continuous signal. A processing circuit reconstructs an informational content of the continuous signal from the discrete samples, and operates to periodically insert additional samples into the sequence, which preferably increases an effective rate of said sampling to match or exceed the Nyquist rate. Preferably, the lossy discrete samples are temporarily stored in a memory space prior to reconstruction by the processing circuit. The sampling circuit preferably comprises an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of an analog front end (AFE). The processing circuit preferably comprises a digital back end (DBE) employing partial-response, maximum-likelihood (PRML) detection. The additional samples are preferably provided by an iterative timing recovery (ITR) block of the DBE.

In a waveform equalizer for a communication apparatus, a magnetic recording apparatus, or an optical recording / reproducing apparatus, a feed-forward filter (FFF) is provided and, at a subsequent stage, a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) or a fixed delay tree search / decision feedback equalizer (FDTS / DFE) employing FDTS for a determination unit is provided. Partial response (PR) is performed on only a first portion of inter-symbol interference (ISI) of a waveform equalized by the FFF and equalization that does not consider subsequent response (i.e., trailing-edge ISI) is performed. A feed-back filter (FBF) generates a response for the trailing-edge ISI and the DFE structure subtracts the generated response from a response provided by the FFF so that a result becomes a partial response.

A receiver may be operable to receive a QAM-based, inter-symbol correlated (ISC) signal at a signal-to-noise ratio of between 29 dB and 31 dB and process the QAM-based, ISC signal to output estimated symbols at a symbol error rate of between 2×10−1 and 1×10−3. The QAM-based, ISC signal may be a partial response signal generated by passing a first signal through a partial response pulse shaping filter. The partial response pulse shaping filter may provide greater capacity than a capacity achieved by passing the first signal through a root-raised-cosine-based pulse shaping filter. The receiver may comprises an input filter, and the processing of the QAM-based, ISC signal may comprises filtering the QAM-based, ISC signal via a filter configured to achieve a desired total partial response in combination with the partial response pulse shaping filter.

A new class of fixed partial response targets are disclosed for use in a PRML magnetic medium read channel. The preferred embodiment exhibits an equalization response characterized by the polynomial 7+4*D-4*D2-5*D3-2*D4, where D represents the unit delay operator. This read channel target provides improved matching to the inherent magnetic channel over the known canonical class of targets (1-D)(1+D){circumflex over ( )}N, and thereby reduces equalization losses. The improved spectral matching reduces amplification of noise in the channel, thereby reducing bit-error-rates. The new class of targets also exhibits a spectral null at DC, reducing problems for offset cancellation circuitry and making the disk drive less sensitive to thermal asperities. It also exhibits a spectral depression rather than a spectral null at the Nyquist frequency, making quasi-catastrophic error sequences virtually impossible. The new class of target simplifies coding and allows RLL code ratios that approach unity, improving effective recording densities, while significantly reducing BER.

A method for managing connections between at least one client and at least one data server, said method comprises: (a) providing an intermediary connection apparatus comprising connections to a plurality of clients over a WAN or a LAN environment, said apparatus comprising memory buffers and at least one connection to each of said at least one data server(s) being continuously open; (b) establishing a client network connection between said apparatus and one of said clients via a network; (c) receiving a client request to receive a response from a data server over said client network connection; (d) forwarding to the data server either a request or a partial request; (e) limiting the size of the response or partial response that the server is allowed to provide at a given time to said apparatus in response to said client request; and (f) buffering data encoding requests and responses in said apparatus according to data traffic load over the connection to said server and to said client, respectively.

Automatically optimizing and programming features of a disk drive read channel for a selected partial response (PR) target. This enables flexible PR targets to be used in the read channel. The flexible PR targets can have arbitrary coefficients, and the channel features (parameters, functions and algorithms) that are dependent on the flexible PR targets are automatically adapted and programmed in hardware or firmware. With flexible PR targets, the read channel can support longitudinal and perpendicular recording without compromising performance.

A transmitter and transceiver for an optical communication channel may include a data encoder, a partial response (PR) precoder, a pulse filter, and an electrical-to-optical converter to transmit a spread pulse signal over an optical communication channel. The data encoder to encode the transmit data into coded data. The precoder to correlate bits of the coded data together into a precoded signal at the output of the precoder. The pulse filter to spread out the pulses in the precoded signal into a spread-pulse signal at the output of the pulse-shaping filter. The electrical-to-optical converter to convert an electrical spread-pulse signal into light pulses at its optical output. A transceiver may further include an optical-to-electrical converter, an automatic gain controller, a matched filter, a PR finite impulse response equalizing filter, a maximum likelihood sequence estimation detector, and a data decoder in order to decode and recover the data.

A method and apparatus for channel coding useful for recording channel and other communications applications. The proposed channel coding method is actualized via structured set partition (SSP) in conjunction with multilevel coding (MLC) and offers performance gains over conventional coding schemes with comparable complexity at the bit-error rate (BER) level as well as the sector failure rate (SFR) level.

Precoders and their corresponding logic schemes, together with a method of using the precoders and their schemes to generate a media code sequence of symbols for data storage channels, with partial response equalization and a multilevel encoding / modulation scheme. Partial responses are defined by the classical and modified target polynomials, while the multilevel encoding / modulation schemes include: 1) Structured Set Partitions (SSP), 2) a set of conventional block codes with different error correcting capabilities, and 3) a variety of iterative decoding such as the List Trellis Decoder (LTD), the BCJR algorithm, and soft decoding of low-density parity check codes. The precoders are derived from the SSP's, and combined with conventional ECC encoders designed for error detection, or error correction, or both. A cascade of parallel ECC encoders, followed by an SSP precoder, increases the minimum Euclidean distance between different media code sequences of symbols, and as a result gives lower bit error rates after decoding.

A system and method for reading data to and writing data from multi-level (M-ary) partial response channels uses a trellis coder to encode an input bit stream sequence into a stream of multi-level data symbols. The data symbols are written to the partial response channel using any of a number of techniques. Preferably, the trellis coder anticipates the modulation transfer function of the partial response channel in encoding the data. Because the partial response channel has its own transfer function, the relationship between the data read from the channel and the actual input data bits is a function not only of the data encoder but also of the partial response channel. Therefore, a decoder specification used to implement the decoder takes into account the effect of the trellis encoder as well as the effect of the partial response channel.

A method and system for dynamic configuring of one or both of a transmitter pulse-shaping filter and a receiver pulse-shaping filter to generate a total partial response that incorporates a predetermined amount of inter-symbol interference (ISI). The predetermined amount of ISI is determined based on an estimation process during extraction of data from an output of the receiver pulse-shaping filter, such that performance of total partial-response-based communication matches or surpasses performance of communication incorporating filtering based on no or near-zero ISI. The reconfiguring may comprise obtaining data relating to changes affecting one or more of: the pulse-shaping filtering, and a channel and / or an interface used in the communication of data based on the total partial response, and adjusting the filter configuration, such as by determining a new optimized filtering configuration or changes to existing configurations (e.g., by applying a filtering optimization process).

In order to evaluate the quality of a signal recorded on an optical recording medium, a target signal is obtained based on a predetermined data string and a predetermined partial response characteristic, and for each clock cycle, an equalization error is calculated that is a difference between the target signal and a signal reproduced each clock cycle. Further, the product of the equalization errors calculated at different times is obtained, and based on the obtained product, the quality of a signal is evaluated.

Iterative decoding channel architectures employing coded modulation are provided. The coded modulation is realized via set partitioning for Partial Response (PR) channels along with multi-level coding. Associated error correction encoding and decoding methods, with additional compatibility considerations for channel constrained coding, are also provided.

The present invention relates to filter, coherent receiver device and coherent receiving method. The filter is used for converting a partial response signal into a full response signal, wherein the filter uses the following transfer function HPre-Filter(z) with respect to a partial response signal having a transfer functionHPR(z)=A(1+z-1)m(1-z-1)n:HPre-Filter(z)=1A(1+αz-1)m(1-αz-1)n,in which A is other item, m and n are integers larger than or equal to 0 but not being 0 at the same time, 0<α<1.

A two-stage sampling data detector for a partial response channel having a channel code encoder for encoding user information sequences into blocks of code words in accordance with a predetermined channel block code characterized by a list of most likely error-events comprising impermissible code words. The detector includes a first-stage detector, such as a Viterbi detector, connected to receive samples from the partial response channel and matched to characteristics of the channel and not to the channel code, puts out unchecked bit estimates. A second stage post-processor checks the bit estimates in relation to derived detector decision metrics information and the channel block code, and puts out post-processed bit estimates to a channel code decoder after correcting detected erroneous sequences in accordance with the decision metrics information, information derived from the channel code, and the list of most likely error-events. A method for generating the channel block code is also described.

A method and apparatus for channel coding useful for recording channel and other communications applications. The proposed channel coding method is actualized via structured set partition (SSP) in conjunction with multilevel coding (MLC) and offers performance gains over conventional coding schemes with comparable complexity at the bit-error rate (BER) level as well as the sector failure rate (SFR) level.

The invention provides a dialogue system construction method and a semantic controlled response method and device. A dialogue system comprises a first question-answer model and a second question-answer model. When a user inputs a question, firstly, an introducer associated with question semanteme is obtained from the question; then, the first question-answer model is used for generating a first response to the question, wherein the first response comprises partial response content of the dialogue system to the question; then, the second question-answer model is used for generating a second response to the question, wherein the second response comprises all responses of the dialogue system to the question. The introducer can control the output of a first response model and the output of a second response model, so that the semanteme of the first response and the semanteme of the second response are controlled. Therefore, by means of the semantic controlled response method, the semanticassociation degree of the responses generated for unknown questions and the questions is high; in addition, along with the change of the introducer, the responses generated for the unknown questions can also be changed, so that the diversity of the question responses is improved.

Methods for treating a human having heptocellular carcinoma comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the human has a complete response or partial response.

For corrupt symbol handling for providing high reliability sequences, an inter-symbol correlated (ISC) signal is received. During sequence estimation when demodulating the received ISC signal, partial response samples in the ISC may be processed utilizing an erasure mechanism. The partial response samples are spread (e.g. interleaved) over time during modulation by a modulator. A determination is made as to whether to utilize self erasure or external erasure to process the spread partial response samples. The determination may be based on whether or not events of low SNR for corresponding ones of the partial response samples are identified. The external erasure may be utilized for processing the corresponding ones of the partial response samples when the events of low SNR are identified and the self erasure is utilized when the events of low SNR are not identifiable. Erasure results maybe fed back to the modulator.

A transmitter and transceiver for an optical communication channel may include a data encoder, a partial response (PR) precoder, a pulse filter, and an electrical-to-optical converter to transmit a spread pulse signal over an optical communication channel. The data encoder to encode the transmit data into coded data. The precoder to correlate bits of the coded data together into a precoded signal at the output of the precoder. The pulse filter to spread out the pulses in the precoded signal into a spread-pulse signal at the output of the pulse-shaping filter. The electrical-to-optical converter to convert an electrical spread-pulse signal into light pulses at its optical output. A transceiver may further include an optical-to-electrical converter, an automatic gain controller, a matched filter, a PR finite impulse response equalizing filter, a maximum likelihood sequence estimation detector, and a data decoder in order to decode and recover the data.

In one embodiment, irregular electronic disturbance signals in a partial-response read channel are detected by a disturbance detector using state metrics generated by maximum-likelihood sequence detector. For example, a thermal asperity (TA) detector detects the occurrence of TAs in the read channel of perpendicularly recorded magnetic media by using the state metrics generated by a Viterbi detector. Changes in state metrics (e.g., magnitudes of the branch metrics of the trellis diagram) used by the Viterbi detector are tracked. If the magnitude of the rise of the path metric increases above a set threshold, then a TA is detected. Alternatively, or additionally, the rate of change of the magnitude of the path metrics is tracked. If the rate of change within a set time window is above a specified threshold, then a TA is detected.