The invention discloses a high-efficiency photovoltaic module power optimizer. The optimizer comprises a controller, a DC/DC converter, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, semiconductor electronic switches K1, K2, K3 and K4, a communication interface and the like. The controller samples the data of the voltage and the current of a photovoltaic module, and the data of the output voltage and the output current of the DC/DC converter, and calculates the maximum output power of the photovoltaic module in real time according to sampled data, and at last, the controller sends out a PWM signal to drive the DC/DC converter to carry out energy conversion. The controller further judges whether substrings of the photovoltaic module and the module are abnormal or not according to the sampled current data and voltage data, and when a fault happens, the substring or the module which breaks down is bypassed. Therefore, the power generation quantity of a photovoltaic power generation system is increased, and the situation that because a photovoltaic module breaks down or module substrings break down, the whole photovoltaic set string loses efficacy is effectively avoided.