An integrated
receiver with channel selection and image rejection substantially implemented on a single
CMOS integrated circuit is described. A
receiver front end provides programable attenuation and a programable
gain low noise amplifier.
Frequency conversion circuitry advantageously uses LC filters integrated onto the substrate in conjunction with image reject mixers to provide sufficient image frequency rejection.
Filter tuning and
inductor Q compensation over temperature are performed on
chip. The filters utilize multi track spiral inductors with shields to increase circuit Q. The filters are tuned using local oscillators to tune a substitute filter, and
frequency scaling during filter component values to those of the filter being tuned. In conjunction with filtering, frequency planning provides additional image rejection. The advantageous choice of
local oscillator signal generation methods on
chip is by PLL out of band local oscillation and by direct synthesis for in band
local oscillator. The VCOs in the PLLs are centered using a
control circuit to center the tuning
capacitance range. A differential
crystal oscillator is advantageously used as a frequency reference. Differential
signal transmission is advantageously used throughout the
receiver. ESD protection is provided by a pad ring and ESD clamping structure that maintains
signal integrity. Also provided are shunts at each pin to
discharge ESD build up. The shunts utilize a gate boosting structure to provide sufficient small signal RF performance, and minimal parasitic loading.